Demographic Data Of Patients Satisfying Diagnostic Criteria For Pdap

The selected policy Essence of Care 2010: Benchmarks for the Prevention and Management of Pain, includes the latest benchmarks on the management of pain and its prevention. It presents up to date reviewed views, with the aim to deliver

Overall, Dr. Scharf’s report is quite concise. He documented the applicant’s current complaint as neck pain, radiating pain to both arms, and occasional headaches, as

Pain is one of the most influential symptoms that leads individuals to reach out to health care professionals to seek relief. Pain is subjective and unique to each person. Some individuals may have a higher pain tolerance than others. According to Frandsen (2014), “Pain is an unpleasant, sensory, emotional sensation associated with actual or potential tissue injury” (p. 889). Pain may be caused by a variety of elements, such as tissue or nerve damage and surgery. There are three main categories that pain is classified by, which are origin, duration, and cause. The main focus of this paper is on acute pain, chronic pain, and phantom pain. It is crucial to know how to assess each type of pain, as well as how to enhance it, or decrease the pain.

As a Northwestern University professor of Anesthesiology, Honorio T. Benzon, defines chronic pain is “a demoralizing state that confronts individuals not only with the distress created by the symptoms but also with many other ongoing difficulties that compromise all aspects of their lives” (Benzon). Therefore, chronic pain is rooted in a variety of neurologic functions, integrated from the brain that affects the individual internally and externally. According to David B. Reuben MD, a professor at the David Geffen School of Medicine,

The diagnosis of DPN is primarily clinical, based on clinical suspicion and confirmatory examination findings from the history and examination, followed by the exclusion of other potential causes.(Vinik A, et al 2013)

(REARDON, ANGER & SZUMITA, 2015.). There are two ways to assess pain which they have been used for long time. The first way is Visual analog Scale. The second way is Numeric Rating Scale which means patient should rate their pain in scale of (0-10) zero is no pain and 10 is the worst pain. REARDON, D. P., ANGER, K. E., & SZUMITA, P. M. (2015). However, “the nurse also judged patiens’ pain based on their appearance and mobility, and investigated any potential complications by conducting physical examination. The nurses often rechecked the pain levels in order to clarify and ensure that the recorded pain levels corresponded to the causes of the pain and suffering” (Chatchumni, Namvongprom, Eriksson, & Mazaheri, 2016) patients also may report no improvement for their pain even though with high dose of opioid and ask for high dose of opioid while the nurses noticed them sleeping or

Chronic, acute, somatic and oncologic are all types pain - each with their own symptoms, reliefs, and evaluations. As pain has been explored, we have learned more about it; however, it remains an anomaly. In the postoperative setting, nurses are the first line of pain management. Their assessments of the patient’s pain, including questions and scaling is imperative when dosing medications and evaluating the patient. Studies continue to determine that healthcare providers undertreat and mismanage pain control and assessment. According, to the American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians, “80% to 90% of physicians have had no formal training in prescribing controlled substances, and only five out of one hundred thirty-three medical schools in the U.S. have required courses on pain management” (Glowacki, p. 37). The American Nurse Credentialing Center reported that “as of 2013, only one thousand six hundred seventy two registered nurses in the U.S. were certified in pain management” (Glowacki, p. 37). According to the CDC, about 50% of postoperative patients report unrelieved pain (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). Effective postoperative pain control is necessary for successful care and treatment. Inadequate relief of postoperative pain can contribute to postoperative complications such as atelectasis, deep vein thrombosis, and delayed wound healing (Francis &

this, moderate-to-severe postoperative pain impaired a range of necessary daily functioning activities as walking ability, general daily activity, motivation, social relationships,

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is characterised by pain in combination with sensory, autonomic, trophic and motor abnormalities. There are two forms of CRPS and they are referred to as CRPS type 1 and CRPS type 2. CRPS type 1 is also known as Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome (RSD). And type 2 is known as Causalgia.1-2

G. How difficult was it find appropriate articles for each type or category? The articles reported are integrative reviews, theoretical base on pain and management.

The combined difference for 50% of the maximum pain relief between the control group and the intervention group was 7%, which gave an effect size of 0.07 without any side effects (Derry C.J. et al, 2014, p. 2). Although the effect size was quite small, due to the large quantity of participants, the results showed very promising evidence in favor of the addition of caffeine to the analgesics. The summary of the results showed that 48% of the intervention group agreed that they achieved 50% of the maximum pain

According to John Hopkins Medicine (n.d.), pain is an uncomfortable feeling that tells you something may be wrong. It can be fixed, throbbing, stabbing, aching, pinching, or described in many other ways. Pain is categorized as either acute or chronic. Acute pain is usually severe and brief, and is often a signal that your body has been injured. Chronic pain can vary from mild to severe and is there for long periods of time (John Hopkins Medicine, n.d). This paper will discuss a scenario that entails which person is experiencing the most pain, how two people can have the same procedure experience different levels of pain, factors that contribute to each person’s pain level, and two complementary/alternative methods of pain control.

All the studies used different measurement tools to measure the psychological aspects of pain, so the review only focused on the physical reported outcomes of pain (Harris et al., 2015). Therefore, the review failed to examine other aspects of pain, as pain is not only a physical experience. The studies found that CBT was statistically “more effective compared to a waiting list in reducing headache intensity in one out of two studies, and in two other studies, reducing headache frequency and headache-free days”(Harris et al., 2015). There is a variety of problems with this review and the studies included within it. The quality between each of the studies varied and therefore, requires the results to be considered with caution due to the potential risk of bias. Furthermore, due to “methodology inadequacies in the evidence base, it makes it difficult to draw any meaningful conclusions or to make any recommendations” (Harris et al., 2015). The review also included older studies, ones that have a high risk of bias, studies with small sample sizes, and ones with “suboptimal reporting” (Harris et al., 2015). Other problems included that “selection bias is unknown or likely in all of these studies”, drop-outs were excluded in a number of the studies, problems with low participant numbers, and “there was a failure to report p values in a number of instances and two

Persistent pain in the dento-alveolar region of unknown cause has been named in different ways in the scientific literature. It is still worth mentioning “phantom tooth pain”, a term coined by Marbach et al. that has been abandoned in the last 15 years. Marbach considered this painful condition merely as a deafferentation problem. His opinion was that whenever a tooth was denervated (not only extracted), the brain cortex would reorganize and occasionally a phantom sensation expressed as pain would remain (15). Defining PDAP merely as phantom pain comes from assumptions that are not based on studies with evidence higher than level 5.

Currently both IV ibuprofen lysine and IV indomethacin are approved by FDA for pharmacologic treatment of PDA. They are similarly effective in the closing PDA. They achieve closure rates of 75%-93%