Demyelination occurs during inflammatory phases.
Axons and oligodendrocytes in the CNS undergo demyelination. thymus gland involution is associated with MS, reduced thymus output disturb the homeostasis of Peripheral naïve CD4 T cells, that will produce an autoimmune response against myelin
• AS a result the nerve conduction from and to the brain will be distorted, slowed, and interrupted.
• Symptoms such as blindness, paralysis and numbness that worsen during the attack or relapse are caused by delayed synaptic transmission and increased conduction block.
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Multiple sclerosis (MS) involves an autoimmune process that develops when a previous viral insult to the nervous system has occurred in a genetically susceptible individual. B lymphocytes, plasma cells, and activated T cells, along with proinflammatory cytokines, cause inflammation, oligodendrocyte injury and demyelination. Early inflammation and demyelination lead to irreversible axonal
Two brain structures that could likely be affected by this damage are the frontal lobes and the temporal lobes. The frontal lobe produces speech, controls motor skills, and initiates leading functions such as thinking, personality, emotion and memory. (Huffman, K., Dowdell, K. 2015. Pg. 71). The temporal makes it possible for an individual to hear properly, comprehend language, recollect thoughts, and maintain emotional stability; this lobe also contains the auditory complex, which is responsible for the interpretation
* Second, research has shown that damage to incoming sensory pathways or the destruction of brain tissue can lead to neural reorganization.
It is suggested by previous studies that the damage of the myelin sheath in MS involves the activation of inflammatory factors including the CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, B cells, macrophages and microglia cells (Luccinetti et al., 1996; Lassmannet al., 2012). However, whether the immune response triggers the onset of MS, or is a consequence of the disease process is currently not clear. Interestingly, several recent studies suggested that the prevalence rate of MS is significantly increased with latitude, which implies that not only the geographical (environmental) differences but racial and ethnic differences may play a role in the worldwide MS distribution (Rosati, 2001; Simpson et al., 2011).
Regardless of which occur first, affected individuals will generally experience most of the symptoms as the disease progresses. Specifically, symptoms that include difficulty swallowing, moving, forming words, tight muscles, spasticity, and/or exaggerated reflexes occur when the upper motor neurons have been damaged. When lower motor neurons are damaged, symptoms such as muscle weakness, atrophy, cramping, and twitching will occur. In some cases, a few of the muscle neurons that
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease that attacks the central nervous system. The myelinated nerve cells get attacked which results in scars and lesions that destroy the myelin sheath. The reason for the body attacking its own nerve cells is unknown. Many believe that the cause of MS is from a virus, a deficiency in Vitamin D, or genetics. Studies are being done to find out what is the real cause of MS.
Multiple Sclerosis, commonly known as MS is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. Scientists have been studying MS since the 19th century. In MS, the body’s immune system produces cells and antibodies that attack myelin in your brain which is essential for the nerves in your brain and spinal cord to conduct electricity to perform its function. The attack on myelin results in vison loss, paralysis, numbness, muscle weakness, difficulty walking, stiffness, spasms, and bladder and bowel problems. MS has varying degrees of severity and affects people between the ages of 20-50, mostly women. Although there are treatments, there is no cause and cure yet.
“Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease in which your immune system attacks the protective sheath (myelin) that covers your nerves” (Mayo Clinic). The immune system is a defensive system that protects your body from diseases and illnesses such as parasites and bacteria (Science Museum). Not only does your immune system defend the human body but also the immune system can work against the body, which is known as autoimmune disease. Since the immune system is working against your body to attack the myelin, this creates an opportunity for multiple sclerosis to invade the nerves in the central nervous system (CNS). The myelin within the body acts like insulation to protect and coat the nervous system (National Multiple Sclerosis Society). Once the myelin is eroded, the nerves become exposed which then causes signals to and from the brain to become distorted or irrupted causing a wide range of symptoms to occur (National Multiple Sclerosis Society). The effect of the myelin eroding is an irreversible process (Mayo Clinic). “The damaged myelin forms scar tissue (sclerosis), which
Multiple sclerosis, commonly known as MS, is an auto-immune disease. An auto-immune disease is one in which the body attacks itself. In this particular disease, the central nervous system is being attacked. Specifically, the myelin sheath, or the fatty substance that coats and protects nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord, is attacked. The attacks cause scar tissue, which makes it difficult for signals to travel between the brain and body. Eventually, the nerves may deteriorate, which is a process that is completely irreversible [5]. See the figure below for more detail.
memory loss, brain damage, breathing problems, reduced blood flow to the brain as well as a
all remedy. Since soma has no side effects, it can be a threat to society
The brain is split into different compartments, each of which has it’s own functions that it carries out (like: memory, judgment and movement). When brain cells in a particular compartment is damaged, it can’t carry out its functions as is normally would.
MS is characterized by the destruction of myelin, inflammation in the CNS and the formation of lesions in the CNS.
Harper Lee sets To Kill a Mockingbird in Maycomb, Alabama in the 1930’s. Our protagonists are Atticus Finch and his children Jem and Scout. At this time black people were subjected to Jim Crow racism, which allowed for institutionalized discrimination. This coming of age story follows Scout’s development through ages 6 to 9. The story is based on the Scottsboro Boys trial of 1931 in which 9 boys were falsely accused of raping two white women. Lee’s story too centers on a racially charged unjust rape accusation. In To Kill a Mockingbird Lee uses Scout’s first person point of view to show us through the eyes of a young girl that, in our complex society full of differing perspectives and discrimination, true justice, in which right prevails in all ways, is not attainable. Throughout To Kill a Mockingbird we see Scout wrestle with this idea of justice and what is right and wrong. Her struggle is apparent when her teacher tells her she’s not allowed to read, when her aunt tries to make her be more ladylike, and when people tell her to not spend time with black people even though her father’s defending one.