Dengue Fever in Brazil

Ex: Many people in Texas had malaria as well as Dengue Fever due to their large mosquito population.

Yellow fever is a deadly disease caused by a viral infection that is transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito. Although it is found to be most common in males in their early 20's, yellow fever can affect any sex, race, or age. Since yellow fever is carried by mosquitoes, it is most often found in areas such as Central America, the northern half of South America, and Central Africa where mosquitoes are abundant. The reason why it is found so often in these

Consequently, the spread of the Zika virus from its originating countries of Africa and Asia, to American countries has linked the virus as an ongoing epidemic. Due to climate changes, warmer winter temperatures, there is an increase of egg survival (Ali, 2017). Warmer spring, summer, and fall temperatures may also lengthen the season transmission of the virus in temperate regions as well. In addition, the spread of the flu- like virus in humans is is also due to natural disasters, such as, earthquakes and hurricanes destroying homes forcing residents to sleep outside exposing themselves to infected mosquitoes. International travelers are also at potential risk of contracting the virus, especially in industrialized countries. Furthermore, pregnant women or women of child bearing age should refrain from traveling to countries that are known for the Zika mosquito infestation.

I have decided to discuss the article “Where's Zika Most Likely in the U.S.? The Answer May Surprise You” by Maggie Fox. There is a lot of concern in the news, throughout the healthcare industry, and the United States about Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and its’ role in the cause and symptoms of the Zika virus. Many factors play into an ideal climate for the mosquitoes. Heat, humidity, and heavy rains in the summertime will provide an ideal climate for them to thrive. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2016), “Zika virus spreads to people primarily through mosquito bites. The most common symptoms of Zika virus disease are fever, rash, joint pain, and conjunctivitis (red eyes). The illness is usually mild with symptoms lasting from several days to a week. Severe disease requiring hospitalization is uncommon” (Zika virus, para. 1). However, the fear that there will be a major Zika virus outbreak here in the United States is unsubstantiated at this time. The CDC (2016) notes, “Outbreaks of Zika have occurred in areas of Africa, Southeast Asia, the Pacific Islands, and the

Ninety percent of all Yellow fever cases were reported in Africa. The period of time from contracting the infection to development of symptoms is generally three to six years. The virus is not contracted by direct contact with human to human. Not only do the mosquitoes spread the virus to humans they can spread it to monkeys. This means if a mosquito bites a monkey that has the fever they can pass it to humans, this can lead to major outbreaks. Through all the Yellow fever cases around thirty thousand of them led to death. Yellow fever was thought to have originated in Africa and was brought to America on the slave ships. The virus is a single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the flavivirus senes. After the transmission of the virus occurs, it replicates in religion lymph nodes and silently spreads through the bloodstream. The widespread dissemination can affect the kidneys, lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and bone marrow. In addition to these, it can affect the other organs in the human body. Yellow fever is not just a virus it is a hemorrhagic condition that can lead to death. The United States has worked hard to eliminate this insect, having officially eradicated it from the united states and Canada.

The Zika virus has had a constant presence in the news for the past few months. This article describes Ana Gabriela do Prado Paschoal's struggles. She contracted the Zika virus while pregnant with her now three month old daughter Maria. Maria now suffers from brain lesions, stiff muscles, and brain damage. With the help of scans, imaging, and autopsies doctors learned that the Zika virus eats away at the fetal brain. It is responsible for shrinking or destroying the part of the brain that controls vision, thought process, and other basic functions.

Especially, the poor have little resources to protect from the mosquitoes such as repellents, window screens, and air-conditioning (Jacobs, 2016). Most of the poor live in slum areas where homes are built on top of each other, so that it is difficult to prevent contact with the mosquitoes (Rogers, 2016). If some of the neighbors did not care about the Zika virus, the mosquitoes would dramatically increase in a slum. “Effective repellents are too expensive for many in a country where the average wage is $626 per month, according to the government” (Rogers, 2016, p. A2). Some of the residence in the slums do not allow the Zika police come into their house, and they may have weapons. This is a reason why Brazilian government use the armed force in this campaign (Rogers 2016). It is obvious that the rich can protect themselves with some resources, but the poor face a huge challenge to protect themselves from the virus.

The Zika Virus is a condition that initially started in Brazil and has now made its way around the world by transmission of mosquitos.The symtoms of Zika virus are typically last only a week or so and include fever, rash, and aching joints. Many adults contract the virus with no symptoms, which makes it easy to spread to their partners through sexual transmission and even onto their fetus if they are pregnant (Jin). Women began bearing children that were born with microcephaly, which is a condition that causes the head and brain to be smaller than normal. It is thought that the Zika virus starts to delay the growth of the skull from the beginning of fetal development (Teixeira). Serology tests are used to detect the virus in the mother, and

The country is malaria-free and only a few cases of dengue fever borne by mosquitoes are recorded every year within the local population

“Introduced into Brazil in 2013, the Zika virus has brought mild illness to the populations of 65 countries, and has become epidemic throughout South and Central America. Since 2014, at least 1,638 babies with grievous birth defects have been born to women in Brazil who were infected with Zika during their pregnancies” (Zika epidemic in Latin America may have peaked, and scientists predict it will be over in 3 years). Researchers say that until about the year 2026, most people will already be exposed to Zika in Latin and South America. That means that most people in those countries will be immune to the virus. Researchers said recently that herd immunity will most likely take over by 2019. With that being said, the epidemic will be put to an

The Zika virus outbreak, the economic downturn, and the political turmoil have led to controversy about Brazil's ability to host the 2016 Summer Olympics. The Zika virus is spread through mosquitoes, and some parts of Brazil have tropical climates, leading to a lot of rainfall. This creates mosquito breeding grounds. When pregnant women are infected, it can cause microcephaly, which is a birth defect where the newborn has a small head. This creates many serious problems for the newborn. The problem has become dire and the world health organization has stated that pregnant women should not travel to Zika-infected areas (BBC, Rio Olympics Zika: The trouble with Aedes Aegypti). This causes fear about traveling to Brazil, which decreases the

Yellow fever is a disease that is transmitted by infected mosquitos from person to person that is typically found in tropical and subtropical areas such as South America and Africa. Currently in Brazil, a Yellow fever outbreak is one of the worst the country has ever seen, spreading rapidly in large cities such as Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo. This spread of yellow fever is threatening to become Brazil’s first epidemic since 1942. In order to prevent this epidemic, health officials are attempting to vaccinate 23 million people. However, anti-vaccine activists began to spread rumors that the vaccine was not effective and that the vaccine would kill them, decreasing the number of people receiving the vaccine.

This summer, the Olympic games takes place in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Even though Brazil is recognized as one of the most diverse cultural countries in the world, it is overwhelmed with challenges from human hazards such as water contaminants, gang and criminal violence, and the Zika virus is having many people question is Brazil capable to handle the event?

Throughout the recent transmission of chikungunya, it has affected many countries in Central America and the Caribbean. The ones that are primarily up for discussion include just a few. Some examples of the Central American countries include Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, and Guatemala(CDC). Some examples of the Caribbean countries would include Anguilla, the Bahamas, the Cayman Islands, Haiti, Jamaica, and many more(CDC). Each of these countries share a major thing in common, all of their economies rely a great amount on Tourism and the people visiting their scenic lands(ABS 1-5). That being said, the negative effects that came to these places with chikungunya can be and already are devastating to these populations.

On July 4th , 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) (2016) reported the Republic of Angola experienced 3,552 suspected cases (875 laboratory confirmed and 355 deaths) of Yellow Fever (YF) in all 18 of its provinces. On the global health risk front, new cases of YF in people travelling from Angola were reported in China (11 cases), Democratic Republic of Congo (59 cases), Kenya (2 cases), Mauritania (1 case), and Namibia (1 case), despite International Health Regulations (IHR). WHO classified the outbreak as grade two emergencies and provided extensive support for disease surveillance, mass vaccination campaigns, social mobilization, and vaccination of travelers to control the outbreaks and prevent the global spread of the disease. This policy proposal will examine the vulnerable population, the issues of concern, evaluate existing policies, risk assessment for change, stakeholders involved, recommendations for change, and cost analysis or benefits for the proposed action plan.