Deontology: A Case Study

The word deontology comes from the Greek word “deontos” which means duty (Adams, 2011). Deontology can be defined as doing what is morally correct regardless of the final results as long as they abide by the moral principles. Certain actions, like lying, are never allowed regardless if its outcomes benefit the purpose and no harm is caused. The theory states that whether an action is ethical and follows the moral rules, depends on the intentions behind the decisions (Pieper, 2008). So for an action to be “good” and morally right, it must have been performed at goodwill and abide to moral values.

The right to health care is displayed in the founding documents of the United States. The Declaration of Independence states that all citizens have “unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of

Sanjay Sanghoee wrote an article for The Huffington Post stating, “The reason that Americans are so divided on this issue is that the right to good health (which can only be ensured through guaranteed health care) is not mentioned in any of our founding documents” (Sanghoee 2013). The fact that the “right to good health” is not mentioned in any founding documents is because healthcare wasn’t an issue in 1776 when America first became a free country. Even if there were a developed healthcare system back then, it would be so different to the healthcare we have today. Amendments and rights have been added to the constitution, including the right to due process, and prohibiting search and seizure (Sanghoee 2013). If the right to health care was so important, it could have been added to the constitution as a right.

Deontology is an ethical theory concerned with duties and rights. The founder of deontological ethics was a German philosopher named Immanuel Kant. Kant’s deontological perspective implies people are sensitive to moral duties that require or prohibit certain behaviors, irrespective of the consequences (Tanner, Medin, & Iliev, 2008). The main focus of deontology is duty: deontology is derived from the Greek word deon, meaning duty. A duty is morally mandated action, for instance, the duty never to lie and always to keep your word. Based on Kant, even when individuals do not want to act on duty they are ethically obligated to do so (Rich, 2008).

"(i) Duty Based Theories (or Deontological Theories): Theories that claim that what determines whether an act is morally right or wrong is the kind of act it is."(1)

Deontology or also know as Deontology ethics is an approach that is taken that determines the goodness and rightness of a specific act or rules and duties that a specific person has to perform. Deontology is the complete opposite of consequentialism. Consequentialism is the where the outcome of an act has a major influence and not the actual act itself. In better words it is what comes after the action that is made and not the action itself. As for deontology an action can be considered right or something acceptable even if the outcome of the action is something bad. A perfect example for deontology would be “ do onto others what you would have them do onto you.” This is just something that

Deontology is an ethical position that examines the morality of an action based on the action’s adherence to rule or rules. Many times is described as obligation or rule based ethics (Alexander). Therefore, the only actions that are considered moral are those that are performed solely for one’s duty to the moral law rather than one’s desire. Deontology is the school of thought that Kant comes from. Immanuel Kant was a critical figure in philosophy in the modern age. His work was the foundation of the most famous form of Deontology.

America is known for democracy, freedom, and the American Dream. American citizens have the right to free speech, free press, the right to bear arms, and the right to religious freedom to name a few. The Declaration of Independence states that American citizens have the rights including “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.” America promises equality and freedom and the protection of their rights as outlined in the Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights. But with all the rights and freedoms that American citizens enjoy, there is one particular area where the United States seems to be lacking. That area is health care. The United States is the only industrialized nation that doesn’t have some form of legal

Teleological ethics (also called consequentialism), is the belief that what is considered right or wrong are determined by the outcome of a decision. Utilitarianism is one

Teleological perspectives are based on various religious principles and moral standards. With numerous religions world-wide the application of teleological theories are virtually impossible to use in a broad sense. For example, many religions forbid medical care and in this case would nullify the situation all together. Pellegrino’s principles for the application of teleological morals to the use of modern medicine, allows for health care needs to be met without the compromise of one’s teleological moral standards. Along with the acceptance of medicine as a tool, Pellegrino insists that the patient themselves have a final say in their treatment. “If we are not to violate the humanity of the patient in medical decisions, so long as the patient is competent, we must allow him to make his own choices. We cannot override these choices even if they run counter to what we think is good for the patient. To manipulate the patient’s consent, to deceive or misinform him, even to do what we think is good is to violate his good as a human being.” (Rosen, 2009, pp. 77). The aforementioned conflicts in theory and application of teleological theories are considered the reasons that teleological ethics often rely on Utilitarianism and its subgroups when it comes to public policies.

The deontology theory and the branches of Utilitarianism theory both classify human actions of which are morally right and wrong. These theories can be used

Deontological ethics are based on moral obligations, duties and rights. Rules are to guide decision making in deontological ethics. Deontological ethics have a more individualistic focus, as individuals are supposed to be treated with respect and dignity (Sexty, 2011, 7).

The first of the Deontology theories is the agent-centered theory. Agent-centered is about a person’s rights and duties. People are responsible for making sure that their actions are morally right and do not interfere with obligations. With agent-centered, we are supposed to perform actions even if we know that the outcome would be better if we decided to ignore our obligations and principles. Agent-centered theories define obligation as “an obligation for a particular agent to take or refrain from taking some action” (Alexander, Larry and Moore, Michael).

Those practicing deontological based ethics are apt to base their decisions off of loyalty and what they believe their duty to be; therefore the choice a deontologist makes is more so based independently with only one option versus the actual consequences of the decision. Taking the aforementioned into consideration, it is quite

Ethics, also known as moral philosophy, is a subject of philosophy that engages itself in systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong. It investigates questions of right and wrong and of the best way of living for people. In this essay I am going to explain the differences between the ethical schools of consequentialism, deontology, and virtue ethics and argue that in my opinion deontology is the most reasonable theory of the three.