Deoxyribonucleic Acid Analysis

Essentially, the end goal of the experiment was to analyze our mitochondrial DNA at the D loop locus to compare to locus sequences around the world to find others that may share a common ancestor in our maternal lines. Methods: We continued the experiment using the same DNA we extracted from the beginning of the lab, except this time looking at the D Loop from mitochondrial DNA. PCR reactions were set up using the reagents: Buffer, MGCl2, dNTPs, Forward Primer, Reverse Primer, taq enzyme, and water. A positive control was made with the Master Mix and

forensic identification technique today1. It is the case of analyzing and profiling a DNA sample

Each human being has something called DNA. DNA is described as genetics and an extremely long macromolecule that is the main component of chromosomes and is the material that transfers genetic characteristics in all life forms. DNA constructs of two nucleotide strands coiled around each other in a ladder like arrangement with the sidepieces composed of alternating phosphate and deoxyribose units and the rungs composed of the purine and pyrimidine bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. Each chromosome consist of one continuous thread-like molecule of DNA coiled tightly around proteins and contains a portion of the 6,400,000,000 basepairs that make up your DNA.

Further confirmation was done by exhuming DeSalvo’s body, and collecting DNA samples from the teeth and hair of the person.

A lot of people are interested in figuring out their genetic heritage. With that information they seek to figure out if their is a root cause to their health problems or just to see where their family was from based off of their DNA. Sequencing and analyzing DNA for individuals was not always possible. But as new methods were created, DNA analysis services were sold to people so they could have a deeper understanding about themselves, like how ones body is effected by caffeine.

- Samples of his teeth are used to determine what type if environment he lived in.

After that they “analyze bones to determine the victim's biological profile” as it is said in “What is Forensic Anthropology” by R.U. Steinberg.

Forensic DNA analysis is still a relatively new method that has been used to solve cases such as crimes and paternity tests. This method of forensic evaluation is examined by using genetic material, DNA, an acronym for deoxyribonucleic acid. Although each individual’s DNA differs from someone else’s, with the exception of identical twins, around 99.9% of DNA is the same in each person ("The FBI DNA Laboratory"). Therefore, in order to identify the genetic profile of the individual being analyzed, scientists focus on the remaining 0.1% of DNA that differentiates one person from another ("The FBI DNA Laboratory").

With the use of DNA Analysis, we can find the correct identification of the missing person by narrowing the information down to a single individual. For DNA analysis, we first had to obtain samples from both the skeletal remains (SKE2/SKE1) and samples from the two missing persons whom we narrowed down to (MP1/MP2). We then added the DNA to four test tubes with two different restriction enzymes to cut segments at certain patterns it recognized. We initially used two different restriction enzymes because there could be a slight possibility that if only one was used, the two missing persons DNA results after inserted into the gel electrophoresis chamber could show up the same. This would result in having the same amount of fragments as well as

When we think of maggots, we think of dirty, baby bugs of the soon to be annoying house fly. We might also think of a drill sergeant screaming at cadets during training. However, if I told you that maggots are used in modern medicine today, you’d probably shocked. Maggots today are used to help clean wounds, gashes, and infections. These maggots eat the dead and dying flesh, taking and eating any pathogens in their way. You might realize the fact that maggots are pretty dirty and gross, eating away at your infected area. Could they move on to healthy tissue? First of all, these maggots are born and made sterile, making it so they don’t carry disease. (Wild maggots do carry germs). Second, bandages are applied around the infected area.

Teeth and other bones are the only sources of DNA available for human identification. Teeth are good source of both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA and have been successfully used in the forensic identification of human skeletal remains. The unique composition of teeth and their location in the jawbone provides an additional protection to DNA as compared to other bones thus making them a good source of DNA in many different cases. Also, postmortem changes in the structure and composition of teeth, and the location of DNA within them are poorly understood. The tooth morphology with respect to DNA content and the preservation and the postmortem changes will affect the recovery of DNA from teeth.

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) has been used to analyze and prove innocence or guilt of suspects of crimes with great accuracy. DNA is part of everyday life. It is the heredity material in humans and almost all other organisms. While being part of an investigation. DNA has helped to solve crimes. There is a couple ways that DNA left behind can be tested to solve a crime. Either if the suspect has been caught and or had his or her DNA tested, or if he or she has left behind any biological evidence. Which then needs to be tested to see if it matches the DNA found in the crime scene to his or hers DNA. The result to this comparison may help establish if the suspect committed the crime.

Another work by Jobling and Gill, it states that the DNA analysis has beenknown to become a crucial and in day to day life as part of modern forensic casework, alluringhighlyperceptive PCR(Polymerase Chain Reaction) based techniques to analyze the biological material. Suspects can be companion to crime scenes, or one crime scene to another, using DNA evidence from arestricted as the saliva on a cigarette butt, skin cells on steering wheel or pet hairs on clothing. Large DNA databases can be quicklyquestion formally and systematically for matches to a DNA profiles at the crime scene, or even half matches to close relatives of a criminal. Unexamined 'cold' cases involving the sexual assault can be solved decades after investigations were begun by studying depraved DNA from stored swabs or microscope slides. However, they noted that the DNA evidence must always be studied within the framework of other evidence off

Forensic scientists can identify the body through dental records, DNA samples or if the fingers are intact, fingerprints.

By distinguishing the stage of the maggots lifecycle and the where in the directional movement they have reached would enable forensics to see how long ago the dead being whether that of an animal or human died for example from instar II to pupae from the same batch of flies that laid eggs (Joseph et al., 2011). Even if a second batch of maggots were present this would be clearly known to an entomologist as previous maggots would have pupated in the nearby area. One difficulty maybe that these maggots may have turned into pupa and then into flies. In terms of maggots, they are found in clumps together which is more beneficial to forensics to find larger numbers of maggots/pupae to establish the PMI. This type of behaviour has been identified as clumped distribution pattern (Turpin, Kyle and Beresford, 2014). Insects in their different form can help with investigation, however maggots in