Deregulation Is The Underlying Cause Of The 2007 / 08 Financial Crisis

The panic of 1907 and the Great Recession of 2007-2009 has both been major economic events in the United States economic history. This paper compares and contrasts these two major events and enables us to understand importance of certain financial institutions and regulations during troubled times in the financial sector. In this paper, both panics of 1907 and 2007 are historically analyzed and compared.

The financial crisis from2007 to 2008 is considered the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression of the 1920s and destroyed the U.S. economy severely. It led the housing prices fell 31.8%, the unemployment rate rose a peak of 10% in the United States. Especially the subprime market, began defaulting on their mortgage. Housing industry had collapsed. This crisis was not an accident, it caused by varies of factors. The unregulated securitization system, the US government deregulation, poor monetary policies, the irresponsibility of 3 rating agencies, the massed shadow banking system and so on. From my view, the unregulated private label mortgages securitization is the main contribute factor which led the global financial crisis in 2008.

The recession of 2008, which we are only just starting to come out of, happened as a result of a few major factors. The primary factor was the deregulation of banks during the Bush administration. Another factor was that banks offered loans without looking into the financial stability of borrowers or businesses. Also, credit unions, savings and loans, and banks entered into competition with each other. The Security and Exchange Commission, S.E.C., reduced requirements so that banks could pile up debts.

The financial crisis emerged because of an excessive deregulation of business operation of financial institutions and of abusing the securitization mechanism in the absence of clearly defined rules to regulate this area in the American mortgage market (Krstić, Jemović, & Radojičić, 2013). Deregulation gives larger banks the opportunity to loosen underwriting lender guidelines and generate increase opportunity for homeownership (Kroszner & Strahan, 2013). After deregulation, banks utilized many versions of mortgage loans. Mortgage loans such as subprime and Alternative-A paper loans became available for borrowers challenged to find mortgage lenders before deregulation (Elbarouki, 2016; Palmer, 2015). The housing market has been severely affected by fluctuating interest rates and the requirement of large down payment (Follain, & Giertz, 2013). The subprime lending crisis has taken a toll on the nation’s economy since 2007. Individuals who lacked sufficient credit ratings or down payments resorted to subprime mortgages to finance their homes Defaults on subprime and other mortgages precipitated the foreclosure crisis, which contributed to the recent recession and national financial crisis (Odetunde, 2015). Subprime mortgages were appropriate for borrowers with substandard credit and Alternate-A paper loans were

In 2008, the housing market crashed and America fell into a recession. Many Americans lost their homes. Many investors lost large sums of money, and overall the economic recession hurt America as a whole. Today, we see that the stock market is more regulated than it was in 1929 with the Great Depression and 2008 with the Great Recession, but it is still not regulated as much as it previously was. In 1999, portions of the Banking Act of 1933, more commonly known as the the Glass-Stegall Act, were repealed. The repeal of the Glass-Stegall Act in 1999 sparked the Housing Crisis of 2005 and ultimately led to the Great Recession that America experienced in the 2000’s.

The financial crisis of 2007 and 2009 was the worst since the great depression. It was not a single event but a series of crises whose seeds had been planted in yet another recession of 2001 and the era of the internet bubble years earlier (Bodie, Kane, & Marcus, 2011). One of the reasons for the crisis was the rise in subprime lending. Subprime loans were offered to individuals who did not qualify for prime rate loans and carried a higher rate of interest than prime loans (Gilbert, 2011). Another reason behind the subprime mortgage crisis is argued to have been due to the lack of ethics and poor policies such as the Goldman rule which encouraged pursuit of profitable opportunities irrespective of the effects on others (Watkins, 2011). In this paper, I will briefly define financial markets, outline types of financial markets and orders and trading mechanisms in

One of the primary factors that can be attributed as to have led the recent financial crisis is the financial deregulation allowing financial institutions a lot of freedom in the way they operated. The manifestation of this was seen in the form of:

Now these financial markets have allowed many to become successful and live the “American Dream,” but have also caused many to suffer and lose everything. Back in 2007, the United States’ economy experienced a large financial crisis that almost paralleled the financial crisis during the Great Depression. Large financial institutions suffered a great deal and the stock market plummeted worldwide. The housing market took a huge hit as well, causing many foreclosures and evictions. This crisis stemmed from a major default in the subprime mortgage market. The bad credit records should have given some forewarning to the looming crisis, but the financial innovation for these mortgages gave investors a chance to succeed in the market. So as a large volume of cash flowed into the United States, the subprime mortgage market took off and became a trillion dollar market by 2007 (Mishkin 208). With prices rising in the housing market, subprime borrowers could simply refinance their houses by taking out even larger loans as homes appreciated in value. These borrowers were also unlikely to default because the houses could be sold off to pay back the loan. This benefited investors since the securities backed by cash flows from subprime mortgages had high returns. And this continued growth of the subprime mortgage market further increased the demand for houses and continued to fuel the increase in housing prices.

‘By the end of the decade, hundreds of savings and loan companies had failed, this crisis cost tax payers $124 billion and cost many people their life’s savings’ (Inside Job). Nevertheless, deregulation stayed in place and saw the 2001 internet bubble and the 2008 financial crisis which resulted in ‘a global recession which cost the world tens of trillions of dollars, rendered 30 million people unemployed and doubled the national debt of the United States’.

The article “Subprime Mortgage Crisis” was written on November 22, 2013. Since the event being discussed in the topic are fairly recent, a source written during or immediately after the mortgage crisis might not provide an evaluated explanation of the incident in its entirety, and instead it could explain was the crisis like for the people that lived it. The article was written three years after the occurrence and nearly four years before today. The amount of time that elapsed between the event, the writing, and current day is sufficient to make this source have both a complete scope of the topic and the quality of being current.

The U.S. subprime mortgage crisis was a set of events that led to the 2008 financial crisis, characterized by a rise in subprime mortgage defaults and foreclosures. This paper seeks to explain the causes of the U.S. subprime mortgage crisis and how this has led to a generalized credit crisis in other financial sectors that ultimately affects the real economy. In recent decades, financial industry has developed quickly and various financial innovation techniques have been abused widely, which is the main cause of this international financial crisis. In addition, deregulation, loose monetary policies of the Federal Reserve, shadow banking system also play

There has been a debate for years on what caused the Financial Crisis in 2008 and if there was one main cause, or a series of unfortunate events that led to the crisis. The crisis began when the market was no longer funding many financial entities. The Federal Reserve then lowered the federal funds rate from 5.25% to almost zero percent in December 2008. The Federal Government realized that this was not enough and decided to bail out Bear Stearns, which inhibited JP Morgan Chase to buy Bear Stearns. Unfortunately Bear Stearns was not the only financial entity that needed saving, Lehman Brothers needed help as well. Lehman Brothers was twice the size of Bear Stearns and the government could not bail them out. Lehman Brothers declared bankruptcy on September 15, 2008. Lehman Brothers bankruptcy caused the market tensions to become disastrous. The Fed then had to bail out American International Group the day after Lehman Brothers failed (Poole, 2010). Some blame poor policy making and others blame the government. The main causes of the financial crisis are the deregulation of banks and bank corruption.

The mid-1990s saw an economic revival. What incited this activity was a technology boom like no other. It created a new era of electronics and computing. There were cell phones, desktop and laptop computers, the Internet, electronic games, flat panel TVs and major advances in business software and efficiencies. The housing industry was a big benefactor of this new economy. Home prices began to rise again by 1996. The rate of home ownership during the 1970s, 1980s and the first half of the 1990s averaged 64.4 percent. The rate began to rise in 1995, peaking at 69.2 percent in 2004. New housing rebounded. The economic turnaround brought California -- hit especially hard by the last

“The American subprime mortgage crisis that occurred in July 2007 led to the crash of the global stock market” (Yun, Chan 2010). This statement shows that not only was the U.S market was negatively affected by the mortgage crises, other economies across the globe also felt the shock.

Although MBS is only one form of financial innovation, this essay aims to demonstrate that it was a major contributory factor to the subprime crisis in 2008. The first part will introduce the background of MBS, then analyze the reason for the subprime crisis. After that, it will find out problems the financial crisis exposed. Finally, it will recommend building a regulatory system to reduce the risk of MBS. It will be argued in this essay that