Describe How Mature Somatic Cells Can Be Reprogrammed to Become Pluripotent

Embryonic stem-cells may not be the only source of pluripotent cells that science can find. Some of the keys to pluripotency have been discovered, although in a very limited fashion. Steve Mitchell writes about this in “Adult Stem Cells Potential

When the topic of stem cell research, and/ or treatment, people generally automatically jump to the conclusion of embryonic stem cells, when in retrospect according to Eurostemcell.org, an organization based website that is dedicated to supplying the public with the latest news and information on stem cells. According to the article there a few different types of stem cells. The first type of stem cell is, embryonic. Embryonic stem cells are grown in a laboratory from embryos cells at an early stage. The second type of stem cell is tissue stem cells. Tissue stem cells are found in all different parts of the body. Lastly the third type of stem cell is, Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS), or 'reprogrammed' stem cells. IPSC are similar to embryonic stem cells but they are from adult specialized cells.

Those people also argue that society would begin to accept the concept or destroying one potential life in order to save another. The final source of embryonic stem cells is opposed only because people find creating an embryo only to destroy it later is morally wrong and inhumane. Those that are in favor or neutral to creating the embryos point out that it is acceptable for an embryo that is created accidentally to be destroyed as a consequence of pregnancy, but to create an embryo with the intent to use the stem cells it is composed of to save a life is wrong (Hug). The second type of stem cell are pluripotent stem cells. Pluripotent stem cells come from fetal tissues instead of the embryo itself. Fetal tissues include the umbilical cord and the blood inside it, and the placenta. There is also a second kind of pluripotent stem cell. These stem cells are called induced pluripotent stem cells, or iPSCs. iPSCs are stem cells were adult stem cells, but have been reprogrammed into their embryonic stages. Though iPSCs resemble human embryonic stem cells, they are not usually accepted into the body, and so they are introduced to other adult stem cells with a virus that has caused some cancers to develop (National Institutes of Health).

The pluripotent cells are a lot like the totipotent cells they can become any cell that is need. But they cannot become whole organisms. The main reason stem cell research is so controversial, is because I can be used for many thing that include, helping people with terminal illnesses, or helping someone who has severe burns. Some say that if we master the process we

The ability to manipulate the stem cell corresponding to a specific organ/tissue remains important. A type of stem cell that can be manipulated is the embryonic stem cell. These stem cells descend from embryos aging from three to five days (Watt) (Driskell). During earlier stages, scientists describe embryonic stem cells as “blastocysts” which contain over one-hundred and fifty cells (Watt) (Driskell). They duplicate into more cells or transform to any cell located in the body (Watt) (Driskell). This “duplication” allows embryonic stem cells to regenerate and repair diseased tissues. Embryonic stem cells gain importance in cancer treatments—if doctors diagnose patients with leukemia, then during chemotherapy, the doctor can infuse embryonic stem cells into the body. Since the cells are young, they can repair the targeted cell, aiding cancer treatments and the patient. In addition, this technique is used with another type of embryonic stem cell called “pluripotent stem cells”. Pluripotent stem cells originate as inner mast cells (cells

“The proliferative and developmental potential of human ES cells promises an essentially unlimited supply of specific cell types for basic research and for transplantation therapies for diseases ranging from heart disease to Parkinson's disease to leukemia” (Thomson &Yu, 2006). As stated by Junying Yu and James A. Thomson, it is true that embryonic stem cells are very adaptable and hold many mysteries in medical science, but why are they so heavily debated upon? Embryonic stem cells, or pluripotent cells, are cells derived from embryos that have the potential to become any bodily cell. Research of these cells allows us to understand human development and how disorders or illnesses form as people grow older. The main controversy that surrounds

Stem cells are unspecialized cells, which have the potential to develop into several different cell types—muscle cells, brain cells, skin cells, or red blood cells—during early development. Stem cells continuously divide in order to replace other cells. As stem cells divide, they have the potential to develop into a specialized cell or remain a stem cell. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) play an essential role in tissue regeneration, and can circumvent immune system concerns. There are a variety of stem cells, including embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells. However, the main focus of this paper will be the usage of induced pluripotent stem cells.

(A) and (B) are patient neurofibroma-derived fibroblasts and iPS cells before and after reprogramming. The generated iPS cells maintain classic clonal growth in both feeder-dependent (data not shown) and feeder-free (B) culture system. (C) is the illustration of the genotype of the fibroblasts and iPS cells. These cells only carry a heterozygous splicing mutation (c.204+1G>A) in the NF1 genome and with the other allele remaining wildtype (Nf1+/-). (D-I) are functional assays for Nf1+/- iPS cell pluripotency using a panel of makers for human embryonic stem cells.

“Based on the information found through research in Part B, which stem cells do you think are the most versatile? Explain why with evidence to support position.”

This paper aims to identify key developments in the evolution of indued pluripotent stem cells and how these developments will impact the medical field. Beginning with a comprehensive exploration of the history and discovery of stem cells, it will highlight the challenges historically faced by researchers and medical professionals prior to the discovery of defined factors in adult cells. Using published research for reference, it will describe the process of discovery and modern application of induced pluripotent stem cells, leaning heavily on the original work of Shinya Yamanaka of Kyoto University, who was awarded a Nobel Prize for her role in discovering adult pluripotency. Finally, it will take a forward perspective to predict how this technology may be used in the future of medicine and discuss some of the most controversial ethical questions regarding these potential uses.

Stem cells are a type of cells that are responsible for the renewal and the regeneration of damaged and ageing tissues. Stem cells can be divided into two categories: Embryonic Stem cells and Adult stem cells also known as Somatic stem cells. Embryonic stem cells can be retrieve from the foetus, amniotic fluid, the placenta, and the umbilical cord blood and in the early embryo. Adult stem cells can be retrieved from many other parts of the body once a child has been born and through to adulthood. Those parts of the body are skin, hair follicles, bone marrow and blood, brain and spinal cord, the lining of the nose, gut, lung, joint fluid, muscle, fat, menstrual blood and etc. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent, which mean they can develop into any of the 220 different body cells while adult stem cells only be able to develop into muscle, bone marrow and brain cells.

Fate induced well differentiated cell back to pluripotent stem cell then modify the genome and expand them into a human pluripotent stem cell line. After cell line is produced, IPSC is induced to CD34+ cells, nature killer cells and T cells as their source of pipeline.[5] To maintain effective derivation and expansion of IPSC, Fate develops a IPSC plateform using small molecule pathway inhibitor and reprogramming factor (OCT4/SOX2/SV40LT) to quickly produce identical IPSC and enable off-the-shelf

Since the discovery of human embryonic stem cells, scientists have had high hopes for their use in treating a wider variety of diseases because they are “pluripotent,” which means they are capable of differentiating into one of many cell types in the body.

iPSCs are adult stem cells that have been genetically reprogrammed to behave like the pluripotent stem cells found in embryos, i.e. can differentiate into any cell type in the human body. This was first completed successfully in mice in 2006 by Shinya Yamanaka and his team (Takahashi et al., 2006), then in humans in 2007 both by Yamanaka (Takahashi et al., 2007), and by James Thomson and his team in America independently (Yu, et al., 2007). Yamanaka and Thomson’s methods were similar. In the report by Yu et

In the Nature paper “Bidirectional developmental potential in reprogrammed cells with acquired pluripotency”, published in 2014 and now retracted, Haruko Obokata et al. described a new methodology for the conversion of somatic cells into pluripotent cells, without genetic manipulation or DNA transfer. Somatic cells were subjected to sublethal stimuli and, therefore, named “stimulus-triggered acquisition of pluripotency” (STAP). The research consisted in introducing mouse somatic cells into a very acidic solution (low pH) or subjecting the external cell membranes to pressure. These stressful environmental stimuli led the somatic cells to a cell reprogramming. Obokata and colleagues, therefore, presented a fast, simple and cheap method of