Describe How The Sporophyte Stages Of A Plant Life Cycle Differ

C-Fern plants are a strain of Ceratopteris richardii and have a rapid reproductive cycle, making them perfect subjects in lab to be tested and observed on population genetics. Population genetics is the study of genetic variation and allelic frequencies on a specific group over an amount of time. It is a great way to predict future genetic information on more than just the C-Ferns. In this experiment, two different generations for gametophytes and sporophytes of C-Ferns were observed and counted for the amount of wild type and polka dot mutant individuals within a sample and a population. The overall results demonstrated a 1:1 ratio of mutant to wild type in the F1 gametophyte generation for both the sample and population, which was expected. The F1 sporophyte generation demonstrated a 1:1 ratio of mutant to wild type in the sample and a 2:1 ratio of mutant to wild type in the population. A 3:1 ratio of mutant to wild type was expected in the sporophytes. It was concluded that the polka dot mutant is recessive in sporophytes and demonstrates random fertilization in the diploid stage, but not in gametophytes. This process of population genetics in C-Ferns can be extremely beneficial in other organisms, such as humans. Population genetics could be a tool in medicine in determining human

Exercise 3A is a study of mitosis. You will simulate the stages of mitosis by using chromosome models.You will use prepared slides of onion root tips to study plant mitosis and to calculate the relative duration of the phases of mitosis in the meristem of root tissue. Prepared slides of the whitefish blastula will be used to study mitosis in animal cells and to compare animal mitosis and plant mitosis.

In this experiment first the stages of an onion cell undergoing mitosis are going to be observed and every stage is going to be detected and drawn on paper. A brief description to what is going on should be attached to the pictures. This is important to understand the basics of cell division which is necessary growth,repair and asexual reproduction. Second the number of cells undergoing each phase is going to be counted to figure out in which phase the cell remains the most. If interphase is the stage in which the cell grows and prepares for cell division then the

Asexual Propagation is the process of using plant materials such as the stems, leaves, and roots to multiply the number of plants. These plants eventually grow to be a brand new plant that is genetically identical to the parent plant it came from. In several types of plants, asexual propagation is the fastest means of new plant growth. Asexual propagation is also a good way to maintain a plant species because they are genetically identical. In this process, adventitious roots are seen in the growing cycle. Adventitious roots are those that grow form parts of the plant that they normally would not grow from. The cuttings must do

Charlene Forest is an associate professor in the Biology department at Brooklyn College, who dedicates her research in to trying to understand the mechanism behind the process of fertilization in algae, as well as what controls expression of gamete-specific genes. To do so, she must understand how sperm and egg gametes first recognize and then fuse with each other. Thus, in order to find what causes the fusion of these gametes, Forest’s lab is cloning genes that prevent the fusion of sperm and egg gametes. She hopes that her research on the fertilization process in algae will help understand the fertilization process in other organisms, particularly humans.

The basic plant life cycle with alternation of generations is modified in angiosperms by the change of haploid (n) and diploid (2n) generations, which take turns making each other.

17) The process by which the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell divides to produce two cells is called

Ceratopteris richardii, known as a C-fern has a lifecycle referred to as alteration of generations, which consist of neither haploid nor diploid dominant. C-ferns are homospours plants which are important in that they can produce hermaphrioditic gametophytes in order to be able to self fertilize. However, some of the homospourous C-ferns only produce male gametophytes .The life cycle of Ceratopteris richardii starts as a diploid sporophyte which then, by meiosis, produces haploid spores. These spores then undergo mitosis to produce a haploid gametophyte, which can be either hermaphrodite( producing eggs and

The reproduction of fungi can be either sexual or asexual. Sexual reproduction, as with other organisms, involves the fusion of two nuclei when two sex cells unite. This joining produces spores that can grow into new organisms. Asexual reproduction is by fragmentation, cell division, or budding. The simplest process is direct fragmentation, or breaking up, of the fungus body, the thallus. Each of the

In genetics, the way people retrieve their genes and traits is through cell division; mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis in cell division is the process in making body cells. There are 7 stages in mitosis; interphase, prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. In interphase, the cell is growing normally and synthesizes with organelles. In prophase, changes occur in the cell and parts of the structures begin to break down, setting the stage for chromosome division. Prometaphase is the stage where the chromosomes are sorted and made very compact, and metaphase is when the chromatids of each chromosome are attached to a microtube to form a spindle. Anaphase it the process in which the chromosomes split, leading into telophase, which is where the chromatids travel to opposite poles in a cell and new membranes form around the nuclei. The final stage in mitosis, cytokinesis, is when the chromatids split in two.

Characteristics of hydrophytes include: a thin cuticle (primarily prevent water loss), thus most hydrophytes have no need for cuticles; stomata that are open most of time because water is abundant and therefore there is no need for it to be retained in the plant. This means that guard cells on the stomata are generally inactive. An increased number of stomata that can be on either side of leaves; a less rigid structure (water pressure supports them); flat leaves on surface plants for floatation; air sacs for floatation; smaller roots (water can diffuse directly into leaves); feathery roots (no need to support the plant); specialized roots able to take in oxygen.

Eurasian milfoil can reproduce either asexually or sexually, though asexual reproduction is more frequent. When the milfoil reproduces asexually, a small piece of the stem will break off of the original plant, then the smaller piece will begin to grow roots in the bottom of the body of water and continue to grow as a new organism. This process is known as fragmentation. Sexual reproduction occurs when the milfoil drops a seed to the bottom of the water and the seed becomes fertilized. The seeds can remain viable for several years. On milfoil, there are both male and female flowers. This increases the reproduction rate since the plant can essentially fertilize itself. This can occur when the pollen of one plant is transferred to the stigma

The matched mycelia undergo plasmogamy but their nuclei remain unfused, a dikaryotic state, for most of the fungal life. As the fungus develops, and goes through karyogamy, it will eventually produce haploid spores from the spore-producing basidia. Below, the general basidiocota lifecycle chart from the class textbook has been modified to show a conk fruiting body and a poroid hymenium in place of the mushroom fruiting

photosynthesis happens in two stages: light reaction and carbon fixation also known as calvin cycle.light reaction TAKES PLACE IN THYLAKOID USE light energy to produces atp and nadph whereas, calvin cycle takes place instroma uses energy derived from light dependent reaction to make GA3P from CO2 ( Bio166 lab execise manual, 2015). the purpose of this experiment was to separate plant

Making the onion tip root cell slide was successful. Our results supported the hypothesis because we saw cells in the onion root tip in prophase, metaphase, and anaphase. As we went up in power objectives, each phase of the cell became more definitive. The cell root was a great indicator of the structures of the different cycles of the cell. This is important because we will be prepared for future labs working with the microscopes and can now adjust it for the best view of the slide. We practiced working with the compound light microscopes and different phases of the cell cycle. Onion root tips are useful to observe mitosis because the cells are frequently diving as the root grows. So when we stained the cell, we caught many cells in different phases. The significance of this lab was to better understand the process and stages of mitosis and meiosis and compare and contrast the mitotic process in plants and animals. We grasped the concepts of what the chromosomes look like, and what they look like in each step of the processes. Having read much about mitosis and meiosis, seeing these cells was the real application of describing and understanding the stages.