Steganography Essay

Goal of coding theory is different to data hiding method even though both methods use the error correction codes [23]. In coding theory, syndrome equation in the first stage of decoder block is used to detect and correct error which is not expected in advance at the encoder block, whereas in data hiding, syndrome is used to choose proper coefficients to insert a watermark signal and decrease distortion. In the embedding process, by choosing proper e(x), some of the host image bits are modified intentionally.

The original taxonomy regarding data hiding includes “encryption, steganography, and other data hiding techniques and their subpart, such as file-system manipulation, data contraception, memory hiding, manipulation of the hard disk, and data hiding in a network. Data hiding techniques involve hiding personal or any information in data files that are seemingly honest and secure. The purpose of data hiding is making it difficult to access data while still ensuring that it can be located in the future. It makes it possible for the criminals to limit evidence identification and to gather by the investigators while ensuring that they can use and access themselves. Each of the data hiding techniques mentioned above makes it “difficult for digital examiners. It becomes worse when more than one data concealment

Various methods of hiding information have been used for centuries; but it has always been an issue of how to get the information to the designated individual securely without being intercepted or compromised. With the use of cryptography and encryption the information being delivered could be obscured so message preventing the message from being read in the event the message was able to be intercepted; to be able to read the message the receiving party would only be able to decipher the message using the corresponding decryption algorithm. The use of steganography or covert channels individuals could easily transmit information without anyone ever discovering the existence of hidden information; since it could

Security of information become the fundamental issue nowadays, because of advancement in ICT. So steganography is the best technique to use for security of information

Dead files by dead accounts may not be removed without the cooperation of the corresponding users. In the paper “Steganographic Schemes for File System and B-Tree” [3], they have introduced StegFD, a practical scheme to implement a steganographic file system in which a plausible deniability to owners of protected files is offered. StegFD hides the selected files in a file system securely in such a way that, an attacker will not be able to trace their existence, even if the attacker has full knowledge of the hardware and software and data structures of the file system .They have also proposed two schemes for implementing Steganographic B-trees in a StegFD volume. In paper “A Multi-User Steganographic File System on Untrusted Shared Storage” [4] the threat to steganographic file systems (StegFS) is described which arises when the storage system is untrusted and is shared by multiple users. In such cases, the attacker could obtain multiple snapshots of the storage content and analyze them to deduce the existence of secret user data. To solve this problem, they have introduced a Dummy-Relocatable Steganographic (DRSteg) file system. It employs new techniques to share and relocate dummy data at

Abstract— Steganography is a technique of hiding the secret information. Steganography hides the existence of the secret data and make the communication undetectable. Secret data can be communicated in an appropriate multimedia carrier such as image, audio or video. Image steganography is extensively used technique. In this technique secret data is embedded within the image. Steganography techniques can be categorized into two groups - adaptive and non-adaptive. Each of these have its strengths and weaknesses. Adaptive steganography embeds the secret information in the image by adapting some of the local features of the image. Non-adaptive steganography embeds secret data equally in each and every pixel of the image. Several techniques have been proposed for hiding the

Image domain also known as spatial domain techniques; embed messages in the intensity of the pixels directly. In transform domain; also known as frequency domain, images are first transformed and then the message is embedded in the image. Image domain techniques encompass bit-wise methods that apply bit insertion and noise manipulation and are sometimes characterized as “simple systems”. The image formats that are most suitable for image domain steganography are lossless and the techniques are typically dependent on the image format. Steganography in the transform domain involves the manipulation The main purpose of Steganography, which means ‘writing in hiding’ is to hide data in a cover media so that others will not be able to notice it. While cryptography is about protecting the content of messages, steganography is about concealing their very existence [1]. The applications of information hiding systems mainly range over a broad area from military area, intelligence agencies, internet banking, online elections, medical-imaging and so on. The cover medium is usually chosen keeping in mind the type and size of the secret message and many different type carrier file formats can be used. These variety of applications make steganography a hot

Image Steganography: In today’s digital world secret messages get embedded in to the digital image which is called as Image Steganography where cover object used is Image . Because of the limited power of the Human vision system this method is most commonly used [5].

Steganography is art of hiding the secret message within an ordinary message and extraction of its destination. Steganography take cryptography a step farther by hiding an encrypted message so that no one finds the existence of the message. If anyone scans your data will fail to know that it contain encrypted data. Steganography maintain the secure communication between the communicating parties. There are different techniques that are used for hiding the secret data as Steganography, Cryptography and Watermarking. There are various drawbacks of the cryptography that are covered by the Steganography. This paper reviews the Steganography techniques and various matrices for performance analysis of Steganography techniques.

Abstract—Steganalysis and steganography are two term used for security purpose for embedding and extracting information in media files in imperceptible way. Steganography is the art of secret communication and steganalysis is the art of detecting the hidden messages embedded in digital media using steganography. Many powerful and robust methods of steganography and steganalysis have been introduced in the literature. In this paper, we will discuss various steganalysis techniques used recently for detection of hidden data embedded in media using various steganography techniques.

Abstract- The utilization of PC systems for information transmissions has made the need of security. The security of this intuitive media data should be possible with encryption or information concealing calculations. To diminish the transmission time, the information pressure is necessary. Since couple of years, an issue is to attempt to join pressure, encryption and information covering up in a solitary stride. Picture security turns out to be progressively critical for some applications, e.g., secret transmission, video reconnaissance, military and therapeutic applications. These days, the transmission of pictures is an every day routine and it is important to locate a proficient approach to transmit them over systems. They send Secret message over channel utilizing Cryptography and Steganography calculations by AES (Advanced Encryption Standard). It is utilized to scramble the information from plain content to figure content the other way around. There are two sorts of keys accessible in the cryptography, symmetric and asymmetric. There are utilizing symmetric key which is separated into two key, for example, private and open key. Open key is utilized for encryption and private key is utilized for decoding. The reversible information concealing method is utilized to recover the information and picture

Yong Feng et al, in 2009,the author proposed a new invertible two-dimensional chart, shouted Line chart, for picture encryption and decryption. It charts a picture to an array of pixels and next, charts it back from the array to alike sized image. A Line chart consists of two submaps: the left Line chart and the right Line chart that are utilized for picture encryption and decryption. In order to vanquish the shortcoming of standard picture encryption ways established on two-dimensional (2-D) charts that can be utilized merely for permutation, this paper presents a novel picture encryption way established on the Line charts, that can present two procedures of picture encryption simultaneously, permutation and substitution, employing the alike maps. The counseled picture encryption does not have data loss. Supplementary gains contain that it is fast and there is no check on the length of protection key that is desirable for disparate protection requirements. Simulation aftermath display the effectiveness of the new picture encryption scheme. [20]

Besides, image steganography is a collection of numbers that hide information or message inside the image. In this image hidden method, the pixels of the image are changed to hide the secret data and invisible to

The paper proposes data hiding with codeword substitution in encrypted H.264/AVC video streams. Here video is encrypted and data is hided in the video to maintain the security and privacy. In this way data hiding in encrypted domain without decryption preserves confidentiality of the content. By analyzing the property of H.264/AVC codec, the codeword of the intra-prediction modes, the code words of motion vector differences and code words of residual coefficients are encrypted with the stream ciphers. The data hider may embed additional data in the encrypted domain by using code word substitution technique, without knowing original content. Data extraction can be done in encrypted domain or in the decrypted domain.

Since from the earlier times, people are bothered about how to securely transmit secret messages. Both Cryptographic techniques and steganographic techniques are used to achieve this aim. In cryptography, the existence of the encrypted message is visible to the world, whereas in Steganography, only the sender and the receiver know the existence of the message. Darrel Hankerson, Alfred Menezes, and Scott Vanstone explained the various arithmetic behind elliptic curves and addresses some issues that arise in ECC implementation in detail [1]. Lawrence C. Washington provides an introduction to both the number theoretic and the cryptographic sides of elliptic curves. To securely transfer text and image through the network, various techniques have been developed in recent years using Elliptic Curve Cryptography [2]. S. Maria Celestin Vigila and K. Muneeswaran proposed an image encryption algorithm using ECC. They generated the values of k and nB by a random number generator, Comparative Linear Congruential Generator (CLCG) to give credibility [3]. Ali Soleymani, Md Jan Nordin, and Zulkarnain Md Ali creates a mapping table which has the intensity values ranging from 0 to 255 along the row and the corresponding columns of each row contain the elliptic curve coordinates. All the pixels of an image are mapped to related points on the elliptic curve using the table and encryption is done using receiver’s public key. To view the cipher image, we refer to the mapping table and find the