Describe The Pathogenesis Behind Osteoporosis

An imbalance in the regulation of bone remodeling's two contrasting events, bone resorption and bone formation, results in many of the metabolic bone diseases, such as OSTEOPOROSIS.

Osteoporosis is a progressive bone disease that is characterized by structural deterioration of bone tissue and reduced bone mineral density(BMD). Consequences include increased pain, increased risk of fracture, loss of mobility, and death (Osteoporosis Canada 2014).

“Thirty-five year old Donna Duckworth is learning how to care for her newborn of five weeks, when she bends over the baby’s crib and feels something give in her back. The next day and the following week, the pain becomes unbearable in her back. She is breast-feeding and does not want to take any medication so she lives with the intense and continuing pain. Within a few weeks, she can no longer stand it so she goes to see her physician who orders blood work, does a complete physical and as a result, sends her to see an orthopedist who x-rays and does a bone density study. The diagnosis comes back as osteoporosis and it is found she has fractured three of her lumbar and four of her cervical vertebra.”

Osteoporosis, meaning porous bone from the Greek language, is bone disease that gradually and steadily wears down bone tissue and its living cells. This wearing down will eventually cause the cells of bone tissue to degrade and die, leaving their “scaffolding” to be the only things only bone together. Without living cells to take up a home in this scaffolding, minor injuries such as falls, bumping into objects, and pressure that would normally be completely and would not pose any threat to bone tissue suddenly becomes a real hazard that can easily pose a threat to one’s well-being. Osteoporosis affects a person skeletal system.

As generally stated in the introduction, osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder that involves the strength and integrity of one’s bones. The WHO defines osteoporosis as, “a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by low-bone mass, deterioration of bone tissue, increased bone fragility, and its susceptibly to recurrent fractures.” 2 The most important factor to take into account when addressing osteoporosis is the mass of bone, also referred to as, bone mineral density (BMD). As bone mass begins to decline, typically in the older population, specifically postmenopausal women, individuals are at an increased risk for fractures.3 As a result of this serious condition, many people are affected by morbidity, mortality, and economic difficulty.1

Osteoporosis, also known as porous bone, is a disease characterized by low bone mass and structural deterioration of bone tissue which leads to bone fragility and an increased risks of the hip, spine, and wrist. Both men and women are affected by this (although it affects women more) but it can be prevented and treated. In the United States, more than 40 million people either already have osteoporosis or at a high risk because of low bone mass.

Osteoporosis is a degenerative disease of the bones generally brought on by the process of aging, unfortunately there can also be a number of underlying or secondary causes; however, preventative care and drug treatments can minimize the severity of this prevalent disease. Osteoporosis has been estimated to affect more than 200 million people worldwide (Bethel, 2015). According to the National Osteoporosis Foundation, 9.9 million Americans have osteoporosis and an additional 43.1 million have low bone density.

Osteoporosis is a bone disease due to calcium loss. As a result the bones lose strength and density. People are usually unaware that they have the condition until they experience a fracture.

There are numerous factors that contribute to the development of this horrible disease, but the most important factor is vitamin D deficiency. When the minerals in osteoid crystallize, they require adequate concentration of calcium and phosphate. When the concentration is not at the correct level, ossification does not proceed normally (Huether & McCance, 2008). Vitamin D regulates the absorption of calcium from the intestine. When there is a lack of vitamin D, the concentration of calcium begins to fall (Huether & McCance, 2008). The body begins to regulate this calcium drop by increases the amount of PTH synthesis and secretion (Huether & McCance, 2008). An increase of PTH causes a clearance of phosphate and without the correct levels of phosphate mineralization of the bones cannot proceed in the correct manor (Huether & McCance, 2008). The abnormality of bone growth can occur in spongy and compact bone (Mayo

Osteoporosis (OP) is a disease characterized by a low bone mass density (BMD) and a structural deterioration of bone tissue, which in most cases lead to bone fragility and increase the susceptibility to fractures (Epstein, 2006). The prevalence of OP rises with age and is more common in women than men and becomes a serious problem in postmenopausal women (Ramsubeik et al. 2013). Most cases of OP occur in postmenopausal women due to the dramatic estrogen withdrawal associated with menopause (He et al., 2010). The decrease of BMD with age is due to the increase of parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion which results (Young et al.; 1987; Chapuy et al., 1987) from vitamin D deficiency and a low calcium adequate nutrition, especially Ca intake, plays a major role in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis (Rizzol, 2008; Verenna, 2007) Beyond the hormonal and gene regulation, several dietary habits play a role in Ca absorption, carbohydrates, and potassium is significantly associated with fractional Ca absorption (FCA) and net Ca absorption (Ramsubeik et al. 2013).

Vitamin D helps the absorption of calcium in the intestines. Lack of vitamin D can cause osteomalacia which further weakens the bones and increases risk of fractures.

Osteoporosis is a condition when the bones become weak and brittle because the body loses

Calcium and vitamin D: Osteoporosis can be caused by lack of calcium and vitamin D intake

Your body cannot absorb calcium without vitamin D. That is why physicians often recommend taking a vitamin D supplement along with calcium. Vitamin D also has many other

The objective of the study was to determine if the cause of osteoporosis is a result of alcohol consumption. The effects of alcohol on bone demineralization is not fully understood. The study was set up to evaluate the short-term effects of ethanol on bone mineral and bone strength. The subjects of the study were seventy, 70 day old, male Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were split in two groups randomly. One group (n=35) was fed ad libitum which is a liquid containing ethanol and glucose and the other group was fed only a glucose liquid. Both groups eat pellets and the amount was determined and recorded every day. The rats were weighed at the start, after 8 days, and at the end of the study. The ethanol group was fed 5% of the liquid and 260 g of glucose in 890 ml of water. This increased to 10% then 15% on day 8. The average consumption of ethanol was 3.4 ± 0.2 g/day. The study lasted six weeks, after the six weeks the rats were killed to examine their bone properties [1].