Write An Essay On Genotypes And Phenotypes

Genetic profiling is a contemporary issue relating to the individual and technology which restricts access to unbiased decisions and privacy. Genetic profiling interferes with the individuals bodily, genetic and behavioural privacy, as it can be used for the benefit of identifying bodies to using the results of a DNA test to choose whether to employ one individual over another, due to future concerns. It can easily be argued that genetic profiling is in the need of law reform as a result of legal implications and the lack of individual’s rights.

Human cells carry two copies of each chromosome they have two versions of each gene and the different versions are called alleles. Alleles can be either dominant or recessive. Dominant alleles means you have one copy of the gene or your heterozygous. Recessive alleles means you have two copies of the gene or your homozygous.

Genetics can help answer questions about our traits and why we look different and advance in different ways from each other in the world. Chapter 1 explains the basics about how genes work, and the portrayal of DNA and RNA. Chapter 2 describes RNA more in detail and it consist of the explanation of the human genome. Specifically, Chapter 3 clarifies how evolution works and how it relates to genetic and medical research. Furthermore, Chapter 4 and 5 explains the knowledge researchers have about genes role in health and diseases, and how society is affected with the advances in medicine and science given approximate credit to these researchers.

The human genome project is a way of inspecting our molecular selves. There are three billions of letters that make up the DNA in the human genome that scientists have to study in order to understand our molecular cells. Furthermore, there are all distinct sets of genes that interact with environmental factors, which directly influence things like our physical appearance, personalities and risks for diseases. Geneticist, Jeffery C. Long “None of the observable traits that people associate with race are simple genetic traits. Complex traits are influenced by several genes as well as environment.” -Long, Jeffery C. "RACE - Exploring Our Molecular Selves." RACE - Exploring Our Molecular Selves. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Apr. 2015.

Figure 1 Gel Electrophoresis for Replication Taster PTC. The gel is composed of an ethidium bromide stained 3% agarose gel demonstrating DNA fragments which were a depiction of PCR amplification. The agarose gel contains nine loading samples, including from left to right, the MW marker lane 1 precision mol mass standard, lane 2 TB undigested PTC (5µl of DNA, 5µl of master mix P, and 2.5µl of loading dye), lane 3 TB digested PTC (5µl of DNA, 5µl of master mix P, 2µl Fnu4HI, and 3µl of loading dye), lane 4 TB A(L)DH G (10µl DNA, 10µl master mix G, and 5µl loading dye), lane 5 TB A(L)DH A (10µl DNA, 10µl master mix A, and 5µl loading dye), lane 6 MG undigested PTC (5µl of DNA, 5µl of master mix P, and 2.5µl of loading dye), lane 7 MG digested PTC (5µl of DNA, 5µl of master mix P, 2µl Fnu4HI, and 3µl of loading dye), lane 8 MG A(L)DH G (10µl DNA, 10µl master mix G, and 5µl loading dye), lane 9 MG A(L)DH A (10µl DNA, 10µl master mix A, and 5µl loading dye).

Physical development of the human begins at conception when the egg is fertilized by the sperm. Once the ovum is fertilized, the process of mitosis begins, allowing the cells to split and form the human being. Through this process, each parent contributes 23 chromosomes, which are present in every cell of our bodies, and are made up of DNA and genes (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015). The genes that we inherit from our parents determine our physical features, such as hair and eye color, and height. Furthermore, the combination of various genes within the body at the time of conception may result in the individual carrying unexpected traits and illnesses (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015).

When asked to predict whose genotype would be the closest to their own, each student chose a student with similar phenotypic characteristics. Once the results arrive, the predictions of the students fail. A black female has a closer match to a white male than a black male, in terms of genotypes. If this were more common knowledge, the fact that physical features do not necessary equate to our former classifications of race, many Americans might well be shaken from their dogmatic slumber. In order to wake Americans, a new scientific approach is in order. By examining specific traits in the human genome, new inferences can be made.

The phenotype, a result of the genotype and the environment combined can alter throughout life depending on many environmental factors including illness.

An example of a dominant genetic disorder is Huntington’s disease or HD. Huntington’s disease affects the brain and causes the nerve cells in the brain to breakdown. Once the nerve cells are affected, a person’s physical and mental state will start to deteriorate. Huntington’s disease is incurable and affects people from 30 to 50 years old. Once a person has had HD for more than 10 years, the

The “Baby Face” activity was an activity that required a coin toss to determine what appearance a baby face was going to have. This activity helped us learn about the genetics, traits and characteristics that go ‘behind the scenes’ to determine the appearance of an organism. A characteristic is a feature that has a different form in a population, like hair color or eye color. A trait however, is the different forms of a characteristic, like brown hair and blue eyes. In the activity, a coin toss determined what the baby face appearance would look like in the end, and also in the activity, the coin toss determined the genotype of the baby which affects the phenotype. Genotype, is the combination of genes, while a phenotype is the actual physical

The idea that human beings are as different to one another as they are alike is not new and these differences are related to the genetic make-up of each individual. Because all human beings are not identical, one can safely assume that

A chromosome is made up of genes, which is sort sections of DNA (Deoxynucleic acid) . Within the genes, there are alleles, which are different forms of a gene. For example the gene for eye colour has an allele for blue eyes and an allele for green eyes. Alleles can be either dominant or recessive. The characteristic controlled by a dominant allele develops if the allele exists

Different forms of alleles on different genes allow for differences between people not only in internal state, but also in behavior. The inward genetics of an individual, or genotype, is genetic code within the individual. This is often examined as differences in base pair sequences on a specific allele. The outward expression of the genetics of the individual is termed phenotype. Since the arrangement of different genes within the individual encodes for different physical properties of the individual (such as the proteins generated by different cell types), genotype allows for phenotype. Thus, the expression of a personality trait like neuroticism would be the phenotype of an internal genetic condition (genotype).

Can disease related alleles be anticipated from genetic sequence? Trying to figure out the principle behind the question above along with the connection between phenotypes and genotypes has been the fundamental question for many researchers in the past two decades. Extending the idea of Mendelian Genetics, historical perspective on human diseases supports my contention that genotype-phenotype has correlations in terms of genetic mutation in a molecular spectrum within the inherited disorders, one being cystic fibrosis. The recessive diseases caused by an error in the gene encoding process gives insight into how important the accordance between genotype and phenotype truly is.

Genes build the phenotype of humans as well as the underlying genotype. Competition between cultural genes leads to varied success of genetic determinism. It can therefore be said that learnt traits such as those espoused within a specific culture, can produce what may seem to be the genetic genotype of an individual. Genes are not always advantageous in the