Describe The Relationship Between Organelles And Eukaryotes

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have two membranes that surround them. The inner membrane is probably from the engulfed bacterium and this is supported by that the enzymes and proteins are most like their counterparts in prokaryotes. The outer membrane is formed from the plasma membrane or endoplasmic reticulum of the host cell. The electron transport enzymes and the H+ ATPase are only found in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of the eukaryotic cell. (2)

Mitochondria – Spherical bodies in the cytoplasm where energy is produced. The cell uses this energy to perform the specific work necessary for cell survival and function.

Mitochondria are small organelles found in eukaryotic cells which respire aerobically. They are responsible for generating energy from food to ‘power the cell’. They contain their own DNA, reproducing by dividing in 2. As they closely resemble bacteria, it gave the idea that they were derived from bacteria (which were engulfed by ancestors of the eukaryotes we know today). This idea has since been confirmed from further investigations, and it is now widely accepted. (Alberts et al., 2010a)

Serves as the cell 's skeleton. It is an interior protein system that gives the cytoplasm quality and adaptability. The cytoskeleton of all cells is made of microfilaments, halfway fibers, and microtubules. Muscle cells contain these cytoskeletal parts in addition to thick fibers. The fibers and microtubules of the cytoskeleton frame a dynamic system whose ceaseless rearrangement influences cell shape and capacity.

The body has two faces, the cis face which fuses with incoming transport vesicles, and the trans face which excretes the secretory vesicles. The cis face fuses with vesicles coming from the ER effectively from many directions due to its convex shape, whereas the concave trans face can direct the secretory vesicles to their destination. When fusing with the cis face, the transport vesicles release their proteins to be absorbed for modification. Each cisternal layer of the Golgi body holds different enzymes which each modify the passing proteins in separate ways. Between the layers the proteins are moved through the gaps by small vesicles. When a protein has been modified correctly, it leaves the Golgi body via secretory vesicles which then carry the modified proteins to the cell membrane or another organelle. The proteins that are transported to the cell membrane are either excreted from the cell, or absorbed into the membrane to aid with its function. Some of the secretory vesicles which hold hydrolytic enzymes stay within the cytoplasm and function as lysosomes.

The function of the Golgi apparatus is to modify, sort, and package proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell or secretion outside the cell.

Breaking down an organism leads scientists to identify cells. A group of cells create tissues, tissues combined are organs, and organs and their functions make up systems. Basically, cells make up living organisms. There are 2 kinds of cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic. Within a prokaryotic, it doesn’t contain a DNA bounded nucleus; however, a eukaryotic cell does. Though the prokaryotic cell differs from a eukaryotic cell, they share a cell membrane. The cell membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer and proteins, which makes it selectively permeable. It is located outside of the cytoplasm and controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell. Its basic function is to protect the cell from its surroundings by selecting what can enter and exit the cell.

This is a series of flattened, fluid-filled sacs stacked like pancakes. The Golgi apparatus is believed to package proteins for delivery to other organelles; it is also responsible for producing lysosomes.

The cytoskeleton provides support for the cell. The school’s “cytoskeleton” are the pillars in the building. The pillars hold the school up and provide structure and support.

There are several different organelles which allow the cell to carry out its function which is reproduction and growth. There are important organelles that the eukaryotic cell needs, one of which is that the nucleus is present. The nucleus acts as the brain of the eukaryotic cell. DNA is found in the nucleus which holds all the genes and also controls the cell. The cells function is to reproduce, which needs the nucleus to do this. To carry out another function which is to reproduce, the chromosomes which are found in the DNA are needed and copied. The cell also needs a lot of energy for this. The energy is created by the eukaryotic cell’s other organelle which is mitochondria. The mitochondria make energy out of food and then give the cell the energy it needs to carry out its function. The lysosome then digests enzymes which breaks down the

The second important endosymbiotic event occurred as a result, in the acquisition of mitochondria by the earliest eukaryotes (Avissar et al., 2016). Mitochondria are responsible for aerobic cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells, and for a long time it was believed that they were simply organelles. But much like plastids in photoreactive eukaryotes, the evidence points to mitochondria having been absorbed by early eukaryotes, forming a symbiotic relationship in which the larger cell protected the smaller and provided a ready source of nutrients, and in turn the mitochondria allowed the larger cells to process all of the new molecular oxygen as an energy source to promote glycolysis (Cooper, 2000).

The cytoplasm is the area between the nucleus and the cell membrane. The cytoplasm contains many important structures. This area is basically the main place where you will find structures that help the cells stay alive.

The cell membrane is made of phospholipids and proteins, like eukaryotic membranes, and controls the entry and exit of substances into and out of the cell. The mesosome is a tightly folded region of the cell membrane containing all the membrane-bound proteins required for respiration and photosynthesis. The flagellum is a rigid rotating helical-shaped tail used for propulsion. The motor is embedded in the cell membrane and is driven by a H+ gradient across the membrane. A clockwise rotation drives the cell forwards, while an anticlockwise rotation causes a chaotic spin.

The chloroplast is the photosynthesizing organelle of all photosynthetic eukaryotes. These are the cells that eventually became what we know as plants. The mitochondria carry out cellular respiration in other eukaryotic cells. It converts chemical energy of foods into a molecule of ATP. ATP is the main energy source of cellular work and it is essential to life. As stated above, there were three different prokaryotic cells, one larger than the others engulfed the other two but didn’t digest them.

The cytoplasm is a semifluid in the plasma membrane. It is in all eukaryotic cells. In prokaryotes, this is where the chemical processes of the cell take place. In eukaryotic cells, this is where organelles perform their functions. Cellular respiration also takes place here. One of stages of cellular respiration is glycolysis. Glycolysis is when glucose breaks down to form two pyruvates and 4 ATP. Its net result of 2 ATP is important for another process called the Krebs Cycle. This process is important because it begins cellular respiration. The cytoplasm also gives the cell its shape; without it, the cell would be “deflated” and substances would not be able to move throughout the cell. Organelles would have difficulty functioning too. It has been misunderstood that organelles float freely in the cytoplasm even