Description Of Biological Signals Control Cells

The human body carries trillions of cells, and each cell is specialized for particular functions in bones, brain, and the muscles. The difference in each cell is determined when each set of genes are controlled by each cell. The epigenome takes full control of how these changes take place in the cells to the

Copstead, Lee-Ellen, and Jacquelyn Banasik. Pathophysiology. 4th ed. St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier Inc., 2010. 212-227. Print.

Our genes regulate cell growth and cancer occurs due to abnormal changes in these genes. Genes are in each cell's nucleus and control the cells growth in relation to our genetic make up. The cells grow and replace themselves in a natural

In this fast paced ever changing world, there is always a need to increase the efficiency and reduce the time required for a particular problem to be solved. Most biological experiments, apart from being time consuming, are unpredictable and difficult to maintain, which results in a wastage of resources. With the advent of computers and their increased application in many different fields of study, we can now theoretically test out the hypothesis before proceeding with the practical experiment. Computational biology, as it is termed, is paving the path towards achieving this. With the success of the human genome project, the need for biologists equipped with the ability to look at diseases from a computational and mathematical standpoint

Our incessant curiosity for knowledge and answers has prompted the intricate research institutions we know today. Among the volumes of research, scientists have searched for innovations to better understand the human body and edge closer to more individualized medicine. In 1990, breakthroughs in genetic technology allowed for researchers to begin a quest to map and understand all the genes of human beings. A mere 13 years later and just shy of $3 billion invested the Human Genome Project successfully mapped the billions of base pairs involved. With the ability to diagnose specific abnormalities, researchers and medical professionals have saved hundreds of ill children to which their survival was indefinite. However, with scientists continuing

For many years now, Scientists have struggled to help medical practitioners treat their patients according to their symptoms and provided customized healthcare on a personal basis. However, how personal can medicine get? In 2003, researchers obtained a complete human genome from which the sequence and map of all genes in the human body can be used as a reference. With this development we are a step closer to treating cancer and other diseases.

The genome is the complete set of an individual’s inheritable traits or it’s DNA. As a fetus develops, signals are received that cause incremental change in the gene expression patterns. The DNA in our bodies is wrapped around proteins called histone. The histone and DNA are covered in chemical tags. This structure is called an epigenome. The epigenome shapes the structure of the genome. Epigenetic marks are modifications of DNA and histones. The epigenome tightly wraps inactive genes and allows active genes to be more easily accessible. The epigenome adjusts specific genes in response to our changing environment. The programming of neurons through epigenetic mechanisms is critical in neural development. A type of cellular memory is formed when those changes occur. These are epigenetic tags. Each tag records the cell’s experiences on the DNA. This is to help stabilize gene expression. Over time, and with thousands of different experiences, an epigenetic profile forms for each cell type. Each one is unique, with a distinct identity and a specialized function. A flexible epigenome allows us to adjust and learn from our mistakes. The epigenome responds to signals. These signals come from a variety of places. From fetal development to old age, our epigenome is effected by our environmental factors.

The Mechanisms of gene regulation are used by a cell to determine whether to increse or decrease

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living systems have failed. Studying one gene at a time doesn’t explain what causes diseases,

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The biological domain refers to the physical elements and genetic systems within our bodies that impact on or are influenced by our behaviors, thoughts, and feelings. Our genes are one type of physical component within our bodies that usually influence our personalities. A person’s genetic construct determines whether their hair is curly or straight, or their eyes are black or hazel, if they are of a large structure or a slight build. It seems also that our genetic makeup influences how active one can be, or whether the person is hot-tempered and disagreeable and if they prefer to be private or friendly. A person having the knowledge and understanding of genetics would know that it is a part of

In order for cells and organisms to “live” they need to perform certain tasks such as produce energy through respiration, send messages, maintenance and reproduction. To enable the cell to do so, it contains within small structures called organelles, each organelle is different and carries out a specific function.

Gene expression is the ability of a gene to produce a biologically active protein. This process is regulated by the cells of an organism, it is very important to the survival of organisms at all levels. This is much more complex in eukaryotes than in prokaryotes. A major difference is the presence in eukaryotes of a nuclear membrane, which prevents the simultaneous transcription and translation that occurs in prokaryotes. Initiation of protein transcription is started by RNA polymerase. The activity of RNA polymerase is regulated by interaction with regulatory proteins; these proteins can act both positively, as activators, and negatively as repressors. An example of gene regulation in cells is the activity of the trp operon. The trp

In our world organisms occupy a sliding scale of complexity. On one hand we have the single cell organisms, where all necessary functions for their life are carried out within that one cell. At the other extreme we have extremely complex multicellular organisms, of which humans are perhaps the cardinal member. Obviously, with increased capacity comes increased abilities. Complex organisms are able to manipulate their environment to a greater extent then their simpler cousins. While this has a lot of advantages, it also presents interesting biological problems. With the increased complexity multicellular organisms must have systems to deliver nutrients, signaling molecules, and biochemical building blocks to every cell. In