Description Of Edwards Sapien Xt Transcatheter Heart Valve Replacement

Hypovolemic shock is an urgent condition of rapid reduction of circulatory volume in the body, which can be created due to blood or plasma or body fluids loss (Kettley & Marsh, 2016, p. 31; Perner & Backer, 2014, p. 613). Blood loss can be induced by internal or external injuries, excessive perspiration or diuretics (Craft & et al, 2015, p. 852). Maureen Hardy’s hypovolemia has been precipitated by hematemesis.

Is the presence of sepsis with hypotension despite fluid resuscitation along with the presence of inadequate tissue perfusion.

541). Interventions should be rendered continuously, promptly and appropriately as it can cause life-threatening complications (Holt 2009, p. 26). Apparently, the patient is stable, but continuous assessment and management should be done to avoid recurrences of untoward signs andsymptoms and prevent potential complications. Firstly, continuous assessment and vital signs should be done and these include blood pressure, cardiac rate, respiration, venous distention and skin turgor to assess possible occurrence of fluid overload as a result of rapid administration of large fluid that is often needed to treat the patient with DKA (Smeltzer & Bare 2004 p. 1185). Aside from this, documentation of fluid intake and output should be monitored and documented to assess for circulatory overload and renal function (Holt 2009, p. 61). Significantly, it is integral in the provision of continuous care that nurses reassess the factors that may have contribute or led to DKA, and educate the patient and his family about strategies to prevent its recurrences (Smeltzer & Bare 2004 p. 1186; Lemone, Burke & Bauldoff 2011, p. 551).

The patient may have a hard time breathing because she is in pain after having surgery. Since they patient doesn’t want to breath due to the pain it can cause atelectasis and later sepsis if not treated in time. It would be important to teach the patient about splinting and to use an incentive spirometry in order to help her be able to breath. Another risk factor for the patient not being able to oxygenate would be hypovolemia since there is less blood volume which can also lead to less oxygen being able to travel in the blood or able to perfuse throughout the body.

His Pulse ox of 94% reading is on the lower side, but still in normal range which indicated that there is less oxygen perfusion.

Thromboembolism the two primary complications include arterial thromboembolism and pump thrombosis. Thrombi forms due to low blood flow to certain areas (aortic valve, dilated ventricle) and infection this can lead to stroke. Hypotension can be an early sign of sepsis, hypovolemia, decreased cardiac output, filling pressure, hypovolemia, right ventricular failure, tamponade, arrhythmias, or device related complications. Hemorrhage or bleeding a major complication that can be caused either by underlying bleeding disorders

Screen the individual for any and all drugs which interfere with clotting of blood and would cause strokes or interferences with cascade of the clotting factors.

Although Mitral Valve Prolapse has existed for many years, there are a few facts a person should know while being diagnosed with this disease. Mitral Valve Prolapse is the most common valve abnormality in the U.S (Gillinov 517). About two to three percent of the population has Mitral Valve Prolapse (Gillinov 517). Of that percentage, very few need surgery due to a severe leak (Gillinov 326). If surgical treatment is necessary, a person receiving a non-surgical valve can most likely receive a 20 percent greater chance to live at least 1 year after treatment, compared to patients receiving medication alone (Gillinov 517). This means many people who were born or diagnosed with a valve problem can most likely be diagnosed with Mitral Valve Prolapse over any other heart valve disease. When a father or a mother has Mitral Valve Prolapse, this creates a very high chance when they have a child, the child will be born having

Such dangers include electrolyte disorders, polyuria, and most common is a high risk of cardiac arrhythmias. If precautions are not taken as the treatment is taking place then these dangers become very immediate and possible threats to the health of the patient. There is also the more obvious possibility of tissue and cell damage due to prolonged exposure to a chilling temperature. Cardiac arrhythmias being the most common problem pose a serious threat to the health of the patient. A cardiac arrhythmia is when the heart begins to beat in an abnormal way, whether it is too fast, slow, or just in an inconsistent pattern. This can cause problems with the circulatory system as blood is unevenly or irregularly distributed to the body, potentially depriving it of oxygen. Although these effects can be avoided through caution and acknowledgment of these risks, if the proper steps are not taken to treat them, the problems mentioned above can become

organ failure, and death, especially if it is not recognized and treated promptly. Sepsis remains

According to the National Center for Health Statistics over 51.4 millions different types of procedures are performed each year. 2.4 million are arteriography and angiocardiography. 1 million are cardiac cathererization. 500,000 are balloon angioplasty, 454,000 are insertion of coronary artery stent, and 395,000 is coronary artery bypass graft (CDC, April 29. 2015). Every heart case is never identical, but there is something that is commonly uses in the human surgery that is the use of antimuscarinic agent such as atropine.

_____(Central) aortic valve replacement for aortic valve stenosis, it is almost like subvalvular membranous tunnel-like stenosis.

The patient has respiratory acidosis; hypertonic imbalance, the pH is low and the Pco2 is high. He has hypoxemia, decreased oxygen content of blood. The ECF fluid is low with the accumulation of Co2 in the blood due to Hypoventilation, inefficient O2 consumption. Uncompensated respiratory acidosis

appear similar to conventional stents.”8 Middleton, Teefey and Darcy8 note that the use of PFTE endografts will likely become standard as their performance outweighs the early stent materials used. Color Doppler as well as pulsed Doppler should be used to interrogate the stent and supporting vessels. Velocity measurements are taken using angle correct and spectral waveforms are recorded. Careful examination of the liver vasculature is imperative to verify proper stent function. Specifically, thrombosis or occlusion can be assessed with color and Doppler ultrasound. Velocity parameters may vary from patient to patient and also will change from immediate post procedure velocities to those obtained during long term follow up. Universal Doppler

Two milligrams of morphine was given to relieve pain. 162 milligrams of aspirin, a chewable tablet, and 50 milligrams of metroprolol was given. Heparin drip is started as ordered by the doctor. The patient is resting without any pain or shortness of breath. Blood pressure, pulse, respiration and temperature are monitored continuously. The patient was transferred to the intensive care unit by the baccalaureate nurse with the patient care assistant on the cardiac monitor and oxygen. The nurse makes sure to carry all the necessary medications like atropine, dopamine, vasopressin, and lidocane. She also carries the ambubag in case of an emergency. The report was given to the nurse in the intensive care unit. The baccalaureate nurse thanked all the staff and doctors who helped in taking care of the patient.