Descriptive Approaches In International Relations

The second dimension of ‘power behind discourse’ (under examination here) is that of particular discourse types which:

This rhetorical analysis will identify the types Rhetorical Context use in both article journals. It will also explore and break down the Terminology and Content as well as other aspects.

The second level grammatical-rhetorical analysis aims to investigate the relationship between grammatical choice and rhetorical function in written English for science and technology. Discourse analysis as interaction represents the third level of language description. Most importantly, interactional analysis outlines the concept of interpretation of discourse by the reader or listener. Discourse analysis appears to have steadily moved from surface-level analysis to a deeper description of language use. However, in the context of language teaching for specific purposes, applied discourse analysis seems to represent a rather narrow description of language in use and is inadequate in its explanation. In order to introduce a thick description of language in use, it is necessary to combine socio-cultural and psycholinguistic aspects of text-construction and interpretation with linguistic insights to answer the question: why are specific discourse-genres written and used by the specialist communities the way they are? Genre analysis as an insightful description of English for specific purpose texts has become a useful and powerful tool to arrive at significant form-function correlations which can be utilized for a number of applied linguistic purposes.

The study of international relations pertains to the understanding of the rules of engagement between the sovereign states. This study falls under the domain of political science and international law studies. Based on the study of international relations, an individual gets an insight into the foreign policies of a government, the political dynamics that are prevalent in a region and overall global events awareness. It also enables understanding the entities of intergovernmental organizations. Understanding of the international relations also pertains to comprehending the level of declared and vested interests possessed by different states in the course of interaction with other nations. Study of international relationship also pertains to finding amicable means towards the resolution of the problems faced through diplomatic engagement of the parties (Wilkinson 2007).

Genre analysis is an attempt to explain why members of specific discourse communities employ different and special ways of using language. Sociocultural aspects of language and existing differences among the contexts in which a language is used may, to some extent, answer this question. In addition, cognitive strategies applied by the speakers or writers may also play a role since the members of each language community use different strategies to achieve their desired goals (Bhatia, 1996). According to a definition given by Martin (1985), "genres are how things get done, when language is used to accomplish them". As implicitly found in this definition, any genre analysis must be a detailed description of linguistic elementsof a specific

Since in the late 1950s North Korea has develop its nuclear weapon and this has raised a clear threat to the peace and stability of the Northeast Asia and united State. Thus this paper are were to addressed on three major research question which is (I) What are the U.S done to deter North Korea, (II) how DPRK has become a threat to U.S national interest and , (III) what are the responses of Northeast Asia regards of North Korea nuclear weapons. These are been looking by the realism perspective.

The Language Wars have been waged in the realm of English Literature, Language and Linguistics for years. Both sides of the argument are staunch believers in their position, but are more than willing to concede points to the other sides’ favour. In Bryan A. Garner’s essay, “Making Peace in the Language Wars”, he describes himself as a ‘descriptive prescriber’ (Garner, Making Peace in the Language Wars 2008, 270), and offers a truce that fulfils both sides of the argument as the crux of his essay. While the separate sides of the argument are relatively easy to define, it seems that no one sticks to them religiously, and the argument is between individuals fighting over individual points. The two sides are that of the descriptivist and that

For instance, the idea of discourse can be seen with the whole idea of 9/11. Before September 11th, 2001 the numbers “9” and “11” had no apparent meaning, but after the whole incident simply saying the numbers “9” and “11” have a whole significant meaning around the globe. The event

Dunmire (2012) overviewed a body of research known as political discourse analysis. She started by situating her work within the linguistic and political turns that took place within the human and social sciences. Adopting an inclusive conception of politics and discourse, Dunmire (2012) studied political discourse in terms of their theoretical and analytical frameworks and the socio-political issues.

Modern composition studies have been noted to set limitations when studying traditional rhetorical theories. Geography, time and space are subjected to influence the structures of rhetoric. Composition Studies are thought to be non universal because of the practices being exclusively used in United States, Canada and England. Even though rhetoric was derived from Europe, European writing has almost forgotten the traditions of rhetoric. The composition industry in US and Canada has been interpreted to be unconscious when dealing with other systems and geographical spaces involving writing practices. We often forget the world view in which rhetoric is and has been used. Other locations in the world do not have the advantage of composition like

Fairclough’s theoretical concepts regarding Critical Discourse Analysis involve both a linguistic and sociological approach to achieve a thorough understanding of a text. Fairclough conceptualised critical discourse analysis as a three-dimensional concept. By using the term ‘discourse’ to refer to the whole process of social interaction, “he identified a discursive event as simultaneously a piece of text, an instance of discursive practice and an instance of social practice.” (Henderson, 2005 p.6).

According to Michel Faucault, discourse is “a form of power that circulates in the social field and can attach to strategies of domination as well as those of resistance”. More particularly, discourse are settings, context, actions, fundamental interaction and the significance that governs the way it works with one another. Discourses could also be seen as a process where specific values and structures that are forced to the actors to create a system of coercion.

Kegley and Raymond stated: “The shape of the world’s future will be determined not only by changes in the objective conditions of world politics, but also by the meanings people ascribe to these conditions.” Terrorism is presently a major factor in international relations and has impacted the world to change in many significant ways. Terrorism is a political ideology that has been problematic in defining definitely because of its various interpretations around the world, as well as the fact that it is constantly evolving. Since the terrorist events of 9/11, the lives of many have been changed forever. A small group of individuals, which are a mere fraction of the population of the world, have managed to impact and shape the way international and domestic relations are looked at and handled. People question how secure and safe they feel due to uncertainty of public safety because of events such as 9/11. The war on terrorism in the 21st century has certainly and inevitably changed the landscape for global politics. However, the relationship between terrorism and global politics is troublesome and in ways problematic to describe accurately. Both terrorism and global politics individually are complicated phenomenon. It is erroneous to propose that one is responsible for the other or vice versa, but they are inextricably and inevitably linked. In the study of international relations, there are multiple theories and theoretical perspectives. In this essay, realism and liberalism

Realism is one of the main theories within International Relations. It provides the view that all actors within the international system act on their own self-interests to gain power. This essay intends to discuss its usefulness as a theory and the reasons for and against it being used to analyse world affairs. Firstly, it shall discuss how the theory is advantageous as it explains how shifts in the balance of power can lead to conflict however it is unable to explain why the distribution of power changes. Second, it will portray how it is useful because states do not need to be labelled as good or bad to fit the theory although it disregards the idea of Natural law and gives a cynical view of human morality. Finally, it will suggest that as the theory is very parsimonious, it can be applied to multiple situations within the world system. On the other hand, it will be said that it fails to look at individuals within a state and their influence on the actions of the state. These costs and benefits will be conveyed through the current tensions between the USA and North Korea to link the theory in with current world politics.

This paper begins by outlining the definitions and what exactly is meant by international relations. Secondly, it tells the story of how and why the study of international relations emerged when it did, during the course of modern history. Even though, the history and the origins of this discipline alone does not reveal everything we need to know about how international relations functions in this day and age, it certainly would help us to understand the legacy left behind by this study’s original purpose, international gains and calamities, and by its traditional schools of thought; explanations starting from the time of the Great Powers, to the French Revolution, the first of the alliances, the Industrial revolution, the