Design And Procedures Essay

Central Idea/ Thesis statement: There are several benefits of laughter in terms of physical, mental and social.

Statistical Techniques. This was an exploratory study, it was meant to determine the overall favorability of women showing signs of menstruation, and decide if said menstrual signs affected the general objectification of women. Researchers used descriptive evidence such as: where the participants sat post experiment, the overall masculinity and femininity levels of participants, and an Expectation rating form. Statistical techniques such as the ANOVA test, chi-square analysis, T-test, and X2 test were also used.

The null hypothesis was that the female and male shoe sizes have an equal mean while the alternative hypothesis was that female and male shoe sizes do not have an equal mean. With the degrees of freedom being 33, the t-statistic is -8.27. The probability that -8.27 is ≤-1.69 is 7.5×10-10 for the one-tailed test. Also, the probability that -8.27 is ≤ ±2.03. is 1.5×10-9 for the two-tailed test. Due to both probabilities being under the alpha value of 0.05, the null hypothesis is rejected, and the alternative hypothesis is accepted at the 95% confidence level.

Cunningham believes that a smile does not only contains a positive emotion. She was being informative when she states that people from different cultures also smiles when they are frighten, miserable, or embarrassed. Emphasizing her point further, she provided an example from Japan. Correspondingly, Cunningham used research and facts as she addressed “Psychologist Paul Ekman, the head of the University of California’s Human Interaction Lab in San Francisco, has identified 18 distinct types of smiles, including those that shows misery, compliance, fear and contempt.” (263). Aside from using logos to enhance her argument, Cunningham also uses ethos in considered to make the audience feels more certain when reading her article. Notwithstanding, her point of view, she after then states a sentence that is considered to be a fallacy. Introduction to her next paragraph, she wrote “Evidently, a woman’s happy, willing deference, is something the world wants visibly.”, and example of hasty generalization. Though it was said evidently, there was no follow up reasons to support that the worlds wants it clearly. A woman’s happiness is something that not everyone to embrace. Therefore, it is yet another stereotyped that the authors support but did not established through

2a (I) This research aims to prevent any bias data by controlling the environment of the experiment. The participants will be both male and female of different ages. The

Full name: Nabila Rizwan HCC ID: 206665638 English 1301 Diagnostic Exam Evaluation of Why Women Smile Amy Cunningham argues, in her article "Why Women Smile", how women smile over everything even if there is no reason to smile. Her words "My smile has gleamed like a cheap plastic night-light so long and so reliably that certain friends and relatives worry that my mood will darken the moment my smile dims." shows her awareness about how people are obsessed with her smile that her relatives get worried that if her smile dims out, it will dim down the fun around them. She thinks that the women are genetically programmed to have a smile on her face as it has been in our culture that women are much more tolerable than men and thus. are expected to have a smile on their face on every situation.

2. The one sample t-test compared the observed average of 0.3 to the expected average of 0. The results showed that the data do not give reason to conclude that the population mean

Everywhere you go you see a smile; whether it is on a billboard or person they surround us. But how many of those are genuine smiles? In the essay Why Women Smile by Amy Cunningham it is stated that women are expected to smile at all times and often these smiles are artificial. What is in a smile? Could there be something in a smile’s physiology to help us better understand a person’s motives to smile? Possibly even health benefits. There is more behind a smile than a forced expression, smiles benefit us in several ways and they are real.

The experiment included a total of 151 participants (42 male; 109 female), all of which are enrolled in a Griffith University second year Psychology course.

For instance, the results from the cartoon amusement ratings for their second study found that the ratings for their participants differed based on when it was evaluated. When their subjects were evaluated at the time of the presentation of the cartoon, the participants in the teeth condition had higher amusement ratings. In contrast, after the presentation of the cartoons, the teeth condition rated the cartoons as less amusing than the lips condition. These results highlight that the conditions changed the participants’ affective states, but did not change their humor. Since the facial feedback hypothesis as described by Buck (1980), described an impact on a subjects emotional state this would provide a potential reason for the lack of statistically significant results for our subjects’ ratings of the funniness of the cartoons. Furthermore, this would also provide a potential reason that our BMISpositive ratings were statistically

Written by Amy Cunningham, “Why Women Smile” conveys the message of how young women in their early twenties have been heavily influenced by society in the way that they do not have a choice to express their emotions (through smiles) or not. Smiles are generally interpreted as a positive cognition and as a way to express happiness or any notions of joy as well as possibly overwhelming emotions.

The section’s Chi squared was 8.37 with 3 degrees of freedom. This Chi squared indicated that there was a 0.05 probability. The 0.05 probability represents the cut off for poor data so this data is not very accurate. The female data is still equivalent to the male data even though their Chi squares varied. The expected ratios were the same regardless of gender.

They performed two-way ANOVA and post hoc Student’s t-tests. They compared between subject with sex and age, as well as the “effects of age within each sex and sex within each age.”

After comparing the data of two different observations. We figured out the result is the same as we assumed- People seems to laugh more in group.

For this independent t test, the mean GPAs of 64 females and 41 males were compared. The variables used are (1) gender, and (2) GPA. The predictor, or independent, variable is gender. And the outcome variable is GPA. Gender can only have two values, male or female; this