Design, Development And Analysis Of Composite Mono Leaf Spring : A Review

Global glass industry generates about $75 billion in annual revenue; laminated glass has significant proportion in it. Despite the increased use of laminated glass(two monolithic layers of glass joined with an elastomeric interlayer—usually PVB to form a unit)as a cladding material for architectural glazing applications ,as a structural material, material for wind shield, transparent insulating material for automobiles the mechanical properties and the structural capabilities of PVB laminated glass are not well known. Laminated glass industry requires more attention and laminated glass have great potential of improvement. The present paper includes comprehensive review with conclusions and further suggestions of around two hundred research articles and patents in the science of laminated glass. The objective of the work include comprehensive understanding of technicalities of `laminated glass, identify gaps in the literature, find a lack of consistency in reported results across the studies, flaw in previous research based on its design, data collection instruments, sampling, or interpretation.

Composites, is a material that made with two or more different material. People can see or use it anytime, anywhere. Composite materials can provide different advantages from mixing different materials, and usually combined metal (aluminum), polymers (epoxy) or ceramic (silicon). One of the most common example for the composites will be fishing rod. Nowadays fishing rod usually make with glass fiber/ carbon fiber and epoxy. Which glass fiber or carbon fiber are brittle but strong, and epoxy can provide a high mechanical properties. Result of the fishing rod can be have a better toughness, and lightweight. Because of that in this lab, the main objective is going to use the optical microscopy and find out the fiber’s alignment, the structure pattern and the mechanical properties from the fishing rod.

These may be classified into two categories according to the types of reinforcement used: (i) particle or short fibers and (ii) continuous fibers. For continuous fiber reinforced bio-composites, woven fabric preforms processed from natural fibers have been introduced as the reinforcements. Fabrication of laminated composite with four layers of jute woven fabrics has been done. Prior to their impregnation in the resin matrix, the jute fabrics were treated with alkali in the biaxial tensile stress state. A significant improvement of the mechanical stiffness was achieved in the composite with the fibers treated with alkali under applied stress.

n aeroplane is acted upon by a few forces in the sky: Lift, Drag, Thrust and Weight. It counters the force of gravity by using either static lift or by using the dynamic lift of an airfoil. A composite material is a material made from two or more constituent materials with differing physical or chemical properties that when joined together, produce a material with characteristics different from the individual material. The individual component remains separate and unique from the finished structure. There are a few types of currently available composite materials, and they include carbon fibre, fiber glass and fibre-reinforced matrix systems. Almost all new aircraft these days include some composite material into their designs. The most common composite material that is used in aircraft is fiberglass. Other composite materials used includes Kevlar, which is now replacing glass fibers. Composite materials had been used commonly since

When carbon fibers are reinforced with polypropylene composites they provide high impact resistance and rigidity, which makes it favorable to use in automotive and structural engineering. In the recent years more functions such as easy paintability, low coefficient of thermal expansion and scratch resistant property has been a great concern. Automotive parts such as bumpers faces are usually painted prior to installation. This is done because the polypropylene resin has

(Mrazova, 2013) In the aviation industry today, composites have replaced previously used materials such as titanium and aluminum in the manufacturing of wings, skins, primary load-bearing structures, and fuselages.

A composite material is a combinant of more than one material where each material retains its own material properties. Composite materials are used throughout modern society and in nature because they provide material properties that individual materials could not provide on their own.

The purpose of this study is to explore how some of the different composite materials are produced and how they are used as aircraft parts. The study seeks to answer the research question, why is the use of composite materials so attractive to aircraft designers and are the benefits of using composites worth trying to integrate them into existing aircraft designs? The goal is to analyze the many different uses of composites as aircraft parts and determine whether or not their use is beneficial.

The advanced composite materials such as Graphite, Carbon, Kevlar and Glass with suitable resins are widely used because of their high specific strength (strength / density) and high specific modulus (modulus / density). Advanced composite materials seem ideally suited for long, power driver shaft (propeller shaft) applications. Their elastic properties can be tailored to increase the torque they can carry as well as the rotational speed at which they operate. The drive shafts are used in automotive, aircraft and aerospace applications. The automotive industry is exploiting composite material technology for structural components construction in order to obtain the reduction

The objectives are to understand how aircraft structures are changing from metal to composite parts. This is caused by latest technology and new requirements from aircraft users. With new capabilities in materials, composites in aircraft structures remain still in the beginning stages however over time composite structure will be developed for additional purposes.

Aerospace design applications rely heavily on weight reduction, structural integrity and optimize performance. Engineers and designers have adopted carbon fiber composite due to its high modulus reinforcement fibers embedded in an epoxy matrix.

Composite materials are highly resistant to chemicals and do not corrode easily. (Ingenia, n.d.) Hence, reducing the amount of chemicals needed to prevent corrosion. (Airbus, n.d.) Airliners used to face fatigue crack and corrosion with the traditional aluminium floor beams. However, when the Boeing 777 was designed with composite floor beams, not a single floor beam has been replaced till date after flying for more than 10 years. (Boeing, n.d.)

Being a composite material, the properties of the GFRP are determined by: the choice of resin and glass type, the volume fractions of the fibres and the matrix, the manufacturing techniques employed and the material properties of its constituent parts. Much of the current literature describes and highlights the variability in GFRP properties owing to the above [3][4][5]. The most commonly used resins in the production of GFRP are polyester and epoxy resins, which are both thermosetting polymers. This means that high temperature and pressure are not required in the manufacturing process, making GFRP a versatile material, albeit a relatively expensive one. Both of these resins were investigated here, with the focus eventually shifting towards polyester resin.

The tests were conducted with five spindle speeds (690,960, 1153, 1950, and 2500) rpm’s, feed rates (0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, and 1.4) mm/s and depth of cuts (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5) mm as shown in ‘’Table 1’’. E-Glass uni-directional GFRP [±450]12 composite materials (general polyester matrix) was employed for the tests. The material was fabricated by hand lay-up compression moulding technique. In the manufacture, 12 layers of E-Glass fiber mats (300mmx300mm) were laid up on flat 10mm thick mould panel. A mixture of polyester resin and hardener at 10:1 ratio was stirred in a glass mug. And the ready mixture is poured into the E-Glass preform and compressed under a pressure about 200Kgf and temperature of 500C. The resin has cured after 4 to 5 hours; the laminates were cut into 100mmx100mmx10mm size using a

FRP composites having superior material properties when compared with metals, improved corrosion resistance, fatigue resistance, less weight to strength ratio and high fracture toughness. Hence GFRP composites frequently used