Design Of Floating Point Unit Core For Signal Processing Applications

Processor: A computer processer, otherwise known as the CPU (Central Processing Unit) is a part of the computer that receives input and decides that the output will be. Many modern CPUs are capable of processing trillions of calculations per second. The speed of a processor measured by how many operations a CPU can do in one second; this is done in MHz or GHz (Megahertz or Gigahertz). A processer with the speed of 1 MHz does 1,000,000 operations per second, and a 1GHz processer does 1,000,000,000 operations per second. This is known as the clock speed.

Dhrystone is especially designed to estimate integer performance of a processor based systems. A particular dhrystone score mentions number of times a fundamental function of a dhrystone source code is executed per second. Better this score is, the better is the performance of a processor. To calculate time taken by a dhrystone fundamental function, dhrystone uses standard “times(2)” function by default. However, “times(2)” provides time values in terms of processor clocks consumed. To have this value in seconds dhrystone also requires specification of clock rate used by a processor. Therefore, it is a convention to provide dhrystone score with a clock rate. However, there is no need of specifying clock rate, if the time calculations are performed using standard “time(NULL)” function. For emulators, time calculations are done using standard “time(NULL)” function. Hence, in this report no clock rates are specified with dhrystone scores associated with

A 32-bit program can process 32 bits of data at once enabling a 32-bit program to do all calculations in one operation. This speeds the processing of your data.

In this section we first briefly explain the properties of a first-order Delta Sigma modulated bit-stream. Based on these properties, we propose the P-N pair method to process the Delta Sigma modulated bit-streams.

The uops that are to be computed are dispatched to ports 0, 1, 5 and 6 and are executed in the respective execution units. The execution units in Haswell are arranged in three stacks: SIMD integer, integer and FP which operate independent from each other. Each stack has different data types, potentially different registers and result forwarding networks. The data path can connect with a given stack for accessing the registers and forwarding network. Forwarding between networks may need an extra cycle to move different stacks. The load and store units access the port numbers 2-4 and 7 accesses the integer by pass network thus reducing the access to the GPR and latency for forwarding.

We can use this information for simple division, multiplication and even when multiplying and dividing larger numbers. This information can be used when cooking, grocery shopping, building things etc..

Norton (Ed.). (2006). Computing Fundamentals. [University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-Text]. New York, New York: McGraw-Hill. Retrieved January 21, 2011, from CIS105 - Computers-Inside and Out.

In the following, we present three different algorithms to reduce the total power consumption. Each of these algorithms establishes a different method to process the variable precision data held in the operands buffer. In the following, the specified throughput Tp for the proposed 32 × 32 bit multiplier is 64 F (Mbits/s), where F is the multiplier’s operating frequency

These are the two basic steps for rounding decimals to a place value to the right of the decimal point

Have you ever wondered what are the correct steps to take when adding and subtracting decimals?

If the value is assumed to be in binary32 notation (1000 0000 0010 0110 0000 0110 1101 1001),

In order to precisely evaluate an expression involving the division of decimals, there are certain steps to ensure success:

Any time you want to deal with these kind of alu items be it add, subtract, multiply, etc, start with 2 or 3 bit numbers, much easier to get a handle on than 32 or 64 bit numbers. after 2 or 3 bits it doesnt matter if it is 22 or 2200 bits it all works exactly the same from there on out. Basically you can by hand if you want make a table of all 3 bit operands and their results such that you can examine the whole table visually, but a table of all 32 bit operands against all 32 bit operands and their results, cant do that by hand in a reasonable time and cannot examine the whole table visually.

When adding/subtracting, it is important to retain the least amount of decimal places in your answer. When multiplying/dividing, the least amount of significant figures in the calculation used is going to be the amount of significant figures the answer will have. If both multiplication/division and addition/subtraction is used, the multiplication/division rule will be used, and in a multi-step calculation keep as many significant figures as possible and round off in the end. Exact numbers do not affect the amount of significant digits in the answer. They are proven to be the true values of a measurement and have an infinite number of significant figures. An example of an exact number are that there are five boroughs in New York, or there are 0.41840J in one calorie. Numbers such as these do not have an affect on the number of significant figures used in a

The Pentium floating-point unit flaw only occurred on some models of the original Pentium microprocessor chip. Any of the Pentium family processors with a clock speed of at least 120 MHz is new enough not to have the bug. On the affected microprocessor models, the Intel Processor Frequency ID Utility checks for the floating-point unit flaw.