Design and Analysis of a Laminated Composite Tube

The specimen ends were not thick or had moving wedge grips to keep it secure in the holders of the servo-hydraulic load frame. The movement of the specimen in the machine causes some of the data to be an inaccuracy. Also, the transverse strain causes issues with the strain gages that are called transverse sensitivity. The transverse sensitivity affects the accuracy of the data that is being collected for the transverse strain more than the longitudinal strain. This is greatly seen in the percent difference in the strain values such as in one case the Longitudinal strain was .4% while the transverse strain was 30%. Another issue with the strain gages was that if the strain gages weren’t properly placed on the specimen the data accuracy would

With respect to the diathesis-stress model, discuss two potential stresses (4 points) relevant to the case.

The test followed the standard procedure for tensile testing; force was applied to a specimen of known dimensions, and the resulting extension was recorded, thus allowing a stress-strain graph to be generated. The bottom of the specimen was secured into the crosshead of a tensile test machine, and the top secured to the load cell. An extensometer is placed on the specimen to measure extension. The test is complete when the force applied by raising the load cell at a constant rate causes the specimen to fail.

Fiber-reinforced composite consisting of multiple layers of material is called laminate. Each layer is thin and may have a different fiber orientation. Two laminates may have the same number of layers and the same fiber angles but the two laminates may be different because of the arrangement of the layers. Figure 18 shows a global Cartesian coordinate system and a general laminate consisting of N layers. The laminate thickness is denoted by h and the thickness of a kth layer is hk thickness coordinate, designated z, is located at the laminate geometric mid-plane. The geometric mid- plane may be within a particular layer or at an interface between layers.

(Numerical)Finite Element Analysis of Buckling and wrinkling of prestressed membranes Kapton, Mylar & Kevlar with different types of shapes and different load conditions

The thickness at crown of the bend is the average of maximum and minimum thickness (¼t).

All strands utilized as a part of polymer building composites can be isolated into two classes, to be specific synthetic and natural fibers. Synthetic fibers are the most widely recognized. Albeit there are numerous sorts of engineered filaments, glass, carbon and aramid strands speak to the most essential. Kevlar is a sweet-smelling polyamide or aramid fiber presented in mid 1970s by DuPont. It was the first natural fiber with adequate elasticity and modulus to be utilized as a part of cutting edge composites (Dupont.com, 2015). It has to take five times the rigidity of steel with a relating tractable modulus. Initially grew as a swap for steel in spiral tires, Kevlar is currently utilized as a part of an extensive variety of uses. It is an exchange name of aramid fiber. The U.S. Government Trade Commission gives a decent meaning of an aramid fiber as a fiber in which the framing substance is a long chain manufactured polyamide in which no less than 85% of the amide linkages are joined straightforwardly to two sweet-smelling rings (Hancox, 1993).

"ε" _"z" ^"m" "=" "ε" _"z" ^"o" . (30) And, at the interface between any two layers the hoop strains are identical,

Unsymmetrical Bending about the Horizontal and Vertical  Axes of the Cross Section Unsymmetrical Bending about the Principal Axes

Metal reinforced Polyester composite has been increasingly drawn the attention of the researchers for the last decades. Light weight along with high strength materials can replace traditional construction materials used in building engineering, aeronautics, mechanical engineering and in many other domains. It is related to a possibility of obtaining practically any combination of beneficial properties of the material, e.g. high vibration damping coefficient, high abrasion resistance, high value of the Young’s modulus, low specific gravity and low coefficient of thermal expansion [1, 2, 3, 4] .

The major step of composite in automotive business is extension of use in to truly structural application such as primary body structure and to chassis and suspension system. These are the area which has to sustain all major road load

Residual stresses [1, 2] are of great importance in any manufacturing industry as it plays a major role in determining the structural integrity of the component being engineered. Residual stresses highly influence the strength, stability, resistance, fatigue life and performance of the component manufactured. These properties being affected leads to failure and repair of the component or the entire structure. Hence it is essential to measure the residual stresses present in a component and to relax these stresses to improve the performance and reliability of the component. A residual stress analysis in design phase is compulsory in order to estimate the reliability of the component [1].

The data is input to the software is similar to the input of a structural frame work software. The thin walled structure is divided into a number elements which intersect at nodes . Each node and element is assigned an number. The coordinates of each node of the cross-section of the member are entered according to any coordinate system chosen . The material properties of the thin walled member such as modulus

\Subsection{Bending Energy Constraint} Using nonlinear deformation models requires additional constraint for the intra-piece smoothness. A bending energy [#Bookstein1989] based regularization term is added. It corresponds to R_{2}\left(\boldsymbol{\boldsymbol{T}}_{p}\right) in

Following an elasticity analysis, Bai and Sun [6] assumed that the longitudinal and transverse displacement of the core is