Desire Without Knowledge Is Not Good

Some parental concerns persist that vaccines may cause Autism. Multiple hypotheses have been proposed throughout the years. There is a major worldwide increasing rate of Autism diagnoses. Theories have centered on measles-mumps-rubella vaccine, thimerosal, and the large number of vaccines being administered. Studies have showed that there is no link between receiving vaccines and developing Autism Spectrum Disorder. An Institute of Medicine in 2001 did a report on eight different vaccines given to children and adults found that rare exceptions, these vaccines are very safe. In 2013, another study added to the research stating that vaccines do not cause Autism Spectrum Disorder. Many vaccine-averse parents argue that while vaccines might

Several environmental factors have also been suspected of attributing to the cause of autism such as: exposure to infectious disease, heavy metals, phthalates and phenols, pesticides, alcohol, illicit drugs, advanced maternal age, maternal bleeding during pregnancy, maternal medications used during pregnancy and maternal stress (Glasson et al., 2004). The research conducted by Glasson et al., (2004) shows that individuals who were later diagnosed with autism were more likely to have experienced obstetric difficulties during pregnancy, labor, delivery and neonatal period. Advanced maternal age was the strongest finding in that study.

“Independent of the genome screens, evidence suggests that the region on chromosome 15q11-13 contains a gene or genes relevant to Autism.” (Dr. David Pauls 2003). Basically, there are suggestions that the chromosome 15q11-13 is somehow mutated, deleted, or duplicated, causing this disorder to transpire. In addition to genetics, environmental factors can influence Autism; though they are not greatly supported ideas, they can’t be entirely ruled out. In the UK there have been reports of the measles vaccine having a part in causing this disorder. (Dr. David Pauls 2003). Newer studies have even shown that prenatal care before a woman even conceives reduces the risk extensively. “Woman who did not take a daily multivitamin in the three months before conception and during the first month of pregnancy were almost twice as likely to give birth to a child with ASD as a woman who had taken a daily multivitamin.” (The Harvard Mental Health Letter 2011). Multivitamins contain a lot of helpful vitamins to maintain a healthy pregnancy, but researchers suggest that the folic acid is the most significant influence that reduces the risk of a child born with ASD. (The Harvard Mental Health Letter

In 1998, the British medical journal called The Lancet published a controversial research paper written by Andrew Wakefield. In the research paper “Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children, ” Andrew Wakefield et al. attempted to link MMR (Mumps, Measles, Rubella) vaccinations and autism. Nevertheless, the paper seemed to successfully do that. However, this was not known was at the time was Wakefield had tampered with the findings. Furthermore, this was brought to light in 2004 by British journalist Brian Deer. In 2011, thirteen years after The Lancet published the paper, and seven years after Brian Deer exposed the paper. The Lancet finally retracted the article. A common theory

In fact, The BMJ, or the British Medical Journal, chimed in on Wakefield’s paper. “By the time the paper was finally retracted 12 years later, after forensic dissection at the General Medical Council’s (GMC) longest ever fitness to practise hearing, few people could deny that it was fatally flawed both scientifically and ethically” (Godlee, “Wakefield’s”). Furthermore, Wakefield’s license to practice medicine was stripped away by Britain’s General Medical Council because of misconduct, including the time Wakefield paid his son’s friends £5 each to take blood samples during his son’s birthday party (Burns, “British”). More recent studies also prove that the vaccine-autism link is nonexistent. One study, performed by the Journal of Pediatrics, found that, “ … of MCO members, increasing exposure to antibody-stimulating proteins and polysaccharides in vaccines during the first 2 years of life was not related to the risk of developing an ASD” (Destefano, “Increasing”). In other words, having a young child exposed to the ingredients of vaccines does not result in the child developing autism (Destefano, “Increasing”).

Desire – power and status. antithesis is death, moth, Stanley and Blanche, domestic violence, (chauvinistic), desire to be loved. She was bought to New Orleans literally by a streetcar that was named ‘Desire’, and also by desire in several other ways: her sexual desires and reliance on her body for pleasure meant her reputation and dignity were damaged at the Flamingo hotel and in Laurel where she was forced to leave her job as a school teacher, apparently taking an interest in younger boys; this kind of sexual desire is still something of a drive for her, yet she is not aware of its dangers; and her continuing desire, in an American Dream-like fashion, to re-find the gentility that Belle Reve and her dainty previous lifestyle beheld. It is

Wakefield published a study on the effects of the Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR)-vaccine, specifically the “mercury” based and the vaccine instigating the onset of autism (Wakefield para 3). Wakefield’s study involved 12 individuals whose medical background was altered in order to support his study (Goodlee para 2). After 12 years of Wakefield’s research being published, his findings were found to be inaccurate. Many doctors and scientists alike have proven his theory wrong, causing the magazine that published the article to fully retract it (Goodlee para 2). However, the damage caused by Wakefield’s false findings has yet to be undone. The number in vaccinations dropped and the number of deadly diseases ultimately rose (Goodlee para 8). Despite study after study proving that Wakefield blatantly falsified his findings, many parents including, celebrities like Jenny McCarthy, continue to advocate against vaccinations and blame the MMR-vaccine for her child’s autism diagnosis.

There are reported to be "no definitive causes of autism, research has found some common risk factors in children who have been diagnosed with this complex disorder. According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, about 1 in 150 children will have autism and that number is growing." (p.1) Research is reported to have found a causal

There has been much research and debate on whether vaccines cause autism, however, there is no evidence that Measles, Mumps, Rubella vaccination is associated to autism. Parental age and pregnancy complications have been the most studied risk factors for ASD especially low birth weight and prematurity. Three of five studies have found low birth weight to have a significant association with autism spectrum disorder. Mothers aged 35 years and older and fathers aged 40 to 49 years have also found significant associations with autism. Pregnancy complications have been found to be significantly associated with ASD according to a 2012 systematic review. Prenatal, perinatal, and neonatal overall health have been explored by many studies. A cohort

However, the theory of vaccinations causing autism was proven wrong. No evidence has been found to connect autism to vaccines. “There remains no convincing evidence of harm caused by low levels of thimerosal in vaccines” says the Vaccine Advisory Committee (Benjamin 2003). One explanation for the once associated risk was that kids are tested for autism at the same age they are administered their first vaccinations. A doctor says that while some parents are worried that vaccines may be linked to autism, the theory has been scientifically discredited and should not be a factor to worry about (Reddy 2015). While some parents may still try to link the false theory together, they will continue to come up with an argument that has no evidence to back their theory up. A study done by the institute of medicine came to a conclusion that a

Autism also affects the immune, nervous, genetic and enzyme systems, which shows a correlation between mercury and an autism spectrum disorder. The proportion of mercury has nearly doubled within the past few decades while the number of autism cases has also skyrocketed at an alarming rate (Bose-O’Reilly). In 2014, the Center for Disease and Prevention, also known as the CDC, reported that approximately one in 68 children is living with an autism spectrum disorder in the United States. This new estimate is 30 percent higher than statistics previously and is expected to continue to increase over the years like it has previously, because in 2012 it was reported that one in 88 children have an ASD (Autism Science Foundation). In the 1980’s the occurrence of autism was reported as one in 10,000 people and in the early nineties, the presence was one in 2,500 and in the late nineties it was one in 1,000 (Autism Science Foundation). Some believe it is an issue to compare autism rates over the last few decades, because the diagnostic criteria for autism has changed with the revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual in order to reflect new research. But the revision of the DSM has little effect on the increase of autism diagnoses because according to the DSM-V the only change between the fourth edition and the fifth edition is the name change of the disorder from autism to autism spectrum disorder and the severity levels of the disorder (DSM-V Development). The revision of the DSM has no correlation to the recent increase of

In 1998 a study was published by Andrew Wakefield theorizing that there was a link between autism symptoms and receiving a MMR vaccination. However, his findings are to be inconclusive considering he did not take the proper procedures to conduct a controlled study. First, he did not include control subjects in his study, so the results cannot be compared properly if there were any changes in the subjects. Second, the endoscopic or neuropsychological assessments were not done blind and the data was not collected systematically or completely. Third, the symptoms found between the children with autism and gastrointestinal problems were inconsistent. In reality, many health groups are theorizing that a vaccination does not cause autism by any

In recent times, autism has gained attention because of the large scope of the problem. One of the most well-known facts about autism is it occurs in all racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic backgrounds (CDC). While researching about autism there were not many aspects that hindered my research. However, there was one source that had a negative connotation and had a small effect on the credibility of other sources. Volkmar, Chawarska, and Klin wrote a paper that stated: “information on autism in infants and very young children is limited.” Furthermore, the report also said “Delays in diagnosis were common and a diagnosis often was not made until age 4.) (Siegel et al. 1988, as cited in Volkmar et al. 2005, pg. 315-316). These statements produced uncertainty with my research, but the other sources outweighed those

Autism and Vaccination. Another postnatal theory is a vaccination theory. Andrew Wakefield published an article in the medical journal, Lancelot, reporting that the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine would trigger the autism spectrum disorder (Godlee,

The book I chose is titled The Evolution Of Desire by David M. Buss In this book the author explores the concepts of human mating in general, and breaks down what separates the men from women in terms of mating desires. He strives to understand what each gender uses to find, acquire and ultimately keep a mate. The author theorizes that the origin of today 's human mating behavior is directly linked to our evolutionary past. Some of thee main points were that while women prefer a older, healthy and intelligent man who is ambitious, with high social status and strongly built. Most men on average simply prefer young, physically attractive woman.