Detailed Overview of HIV Essay

The developmental routes for these cells are very complex and unique but there are similarities. B-cells produce antibodies to bind onto foreign bodies that have invaded the host organism; this allows cells such as cytotoxic T-cells will then destroy the infected cell/structure. On the other hand, T-cells such as T-helper cells that secrete cytokines to control immune responses and cytotoxic T-cells that destroy pathogenic cells and structures.

When foreign invaders such as bacteria or viruses enter the body, immune cells called lymphocytes respond by producing antibodies, which are protein molecules. These antibodies fight the invaders known as an antigen and protect against further infection. A primary immune response happens the first time a person is exposed to an antigen. This response is slow and takes several weeks to occur, memory cells

After development, each T cells have a unique form of T- cell receptor (TCR) which cannot identify the antigenic peptides directly, thus representing antigen specialized presenting cells (APC) such as dendritic cells (DCs) are required. DCs have the ability of processing the antigen into peptide to be presented by MHC molecules and they can migrate into the secondary lymphoid organs as well.

The adaptive immune response utilizes T-Lymphocytes, in particular CD4+ T Cell (T Helper Cells) and CD8+ T Cell (T Cytotoxic Cells), B-Cells, Natural Killer (NK Cells), macrophages and Dendritc Cells (DC) in response to a viral infection. All of these cells act as a conduit for the innate and adaptive immune systems. The activation of T and B-cells is the beginning of the adaptive immune response that involves a specific, memory-induced response. . T-Lymphocytes have four types: T-Helper Cells (CD4+),

Healthy individuals have their immune system working properly to protect them from pathogens. Leukocytes are a part of the immune system that circulate in the blood (white cells). Lymphocytes are one subset of leukocytes that recognize and respond to their specific antigens (e.g.\ peptides from an external agent). T cells are a group of lymphocytes that mature in the thymus. Under exposure to their specific antigen, conventional T cells are activated, leading to secretion of growth cytokines (predominantly interleukine 2, denoted IL-2), and expression of the interleukine 2 receptor which triggers cytokine driven proliferation \cite{deboer87,thornton98,BOP2006}. However, the immune system can cause damage by targeting erroneously self antigens

The Infection Fighter B cells and T cells are two important components of the immune system. They play a role in the inflammation associated with lupus. Both B cells and T cells associate immune cells called lymphocytes. Lymphocytes help fight infection. B cells and T cells are involved in the immune system's response to infection. Antigens are foreign bodies (such as bacteria and viruses) that stimulate the immune system to produce autoantibodies. When a T cell recognizes an antigen it will produce chemicals (cytokines) that cause B cells to multiply and release many immune proteins (antibodies). These antibodies circulate generally in the bloodstream, recognizing the foreign particles and triggering

Lymph organs include bone marrow, lymph nodes, the spleen and the thymus. Bone marrow contains a tissue which produces lymphocytes. B- lymphocytes (B-cells) mature in the bone marrow. T- lymphocytes (T-cells) mature in the thymus gland. Other blood cells include monocytes and leukocytes which are produced in the bone marrow. B-cells use chemicals to remember the structure of previous encountered pathogens to try and prevent the pathogens from effecting the body again. T-cells surround pathogens and destroy them to stop any harm on the body. This is called immunity. Macrophages are a type of white blood cell. The function of macrophage is to engulf unwanted particles. A macrophage uses the process called phagocytes to destroy and get rid of

B cells are a third class of important immune system cells. They do not kill the invaders, but they do tell the killers who to kill. B cells produce specific protein called Antibodies. Each B cell watches out for a particular pathogen and when that pathogen arrives, e B cell begins to produce specific antibodies. Antibodies attach themselves to the specific pathogen so that the killers can recognise that these pathogens need to be destroyed.

viruses, helper T cells may also be generated, which influence B cells to produce appropriate

When it attaches to an antigen, it reels that antigen in and clones itself and makes an army of B lymphocytes to fight at one specific antigen. Some become Effector cells, Memory cells, or more B lymphocytes. The humoral response allows your body to achieve immunity by encountering pathogens either randomly or on purpose. The last and final defense are called the Cellular immune response. There are different names for these types of white blood cells and they are called T cells. The different type of T cells is Helper T cells, Cytotoxic cells, Memory T cells, Suppressor T cells, regular and lastly, Neutral killers. Helper T cell can’t fight diseases but can call other cells that can fight diseases. Cytotoxic cells can kill diseases or cells that are infected or cancerous. Helper T cells use something called cytokines to alert other Helper T cells, which then make more Helper and Memory T

There are three different types, T cells, B cells and natural killer cells. T cells are generated in the thymus gland and have a T-cell receptor molecule that is specialised and is found on the cells surface. T cells bind to antigens after it identifies them. The next type, B cells develop in the bone marrow and they have a B-cell receptor. This is a protein that is specialised, like T-cells it is means B-cells are able to attach to specific antigens that they identify. Both T-cells and B-cells have binding sites that are highly specific, this enable them to identify antigens that have invaded the body and stick to them, Lastly, natural killer cells have a cytotoxic nature which means they can destroy cells. Also, they have the ability to identify cells that have been infected by a virus and destroy them (Arrington,

Lymphocytes, one of the main types of cell in the immune system, take part in the function of the immune system. They are made from stem cells in the bone marrow. After the lymphocytes are developed they undergo a second stage. The second stage of development is when they gain their antigen-specific receptors. The many functions of the lymphocyte allows them to respond to invaders in the body, also known as antigens. Lymphocytes destroy antigens in order to avoid infection. Lymphocytes may work with other cells or they might work alone.

he immune system is a highly sophisticated and organised structure with multiple varying defence mechanisms designed to attack and fully destroy any non-self cell. The body eliminates these pathogens in order to allow for the optimal metabolic function of an organism, which is improved in the absence of disease. However, errors may occur, resulting in the system’s inability to successfully distinguish between the pathogen and the body’s own healthy cells. As a consequence of this misinterpretation, antibodies attack and terminate its own body cells. This random attack on healthy self cells is known as autoimmunity, the trigger of which is frequently unknown.

T cells coordinate the body’s immune response and attack infected cells. They originate from bone marrow and populate the thymus gland. There are two types of T cells, helper T cells and killer T cells. Helper T cells are activated by macrophages. Some T cells activate B cells which make and release antibodies. Some activate Killer T cells which kill infected body

HIV can be transmitted through sexual contact, exchange of blood, and childbirth or breastfeeding. HIV is found at high concentrations in the bloodstream, meaning it can