Detecting Prostate Cancer : Cancer And Second Most Common Cancer Death Among Men

Today, prostate cancer is usually detected through screening, and there are two methods for early detection. The prostate-specific antigen test (PSA) is used, but there are

In the United States, it’s estimated that roughly 1 in 5 men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer. According to the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program (SEER) of the National Cancer Institute, “the number of new cases of prostate cancer was 129.4 per 100,000 men per year. The number of deaths was 20.7 per 100,000 men per year. These rates are age-adjusted and based on 2009-2013 cases and

In the case for PSA screening, PCa is the leading internal malignancy in US men and the second leading cause of cancer death in American men. Early detection of prostate cancers offers the best chance of cure. The PSA blood test is the best chance of cure. Currently, the PSA blood test is the best currently available way to detect PCa and it is easy, safe and inexpensive. PSA test results is a piece of information, it is what doctors do with the information that becomes the issue. However, the great majority of PSA detected tumors have the histologic characteristics of clinically important cancers. Also, PSA detection has found tumors early advancing the diagnosis by Seeral years (5-13) and prostate cancer mortality rates in U.S have decreased by 4% (patho book) since 1992, which is 5 years after initiation of prostate screenings. The dilemma is over treating the clinically unimportant disease versus under

Another method to detect this cancer is with a Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA). Protein in the blood that is produced only by prostate cells is reflected the volume of both benign and malignant prostate tissue in the PSA. The higher the PSA level is the more likely it is that Prostate Cancer present. (“Prostate

Whether we diagnose with a disease or illness were uncontrollable and prostate cancer is one of them that does not have a treatment. However, there are ways we could found out whether we had prostate cancer or not by detecting through scanning. The early detection includes the Prostate- Specific Antigen (PSA) and Digital Recital Exam (DRE). Equally, early screening can help us to find out the abnormal size of the gland and easily to cure when we know the size. People who had prostate cancer can still live at a really high live span through early detection and taking care of the prostate cancer throughout the years. In addition, the Prostate-specific Antigen (PSA) is a scanning to see if the cells in the prostate gland and did the gland healthy or not. That size should be less than 4 nomograms per milliliters (ng/ml) in their blood to be consider healthy. However, there are a lot of reports about the Prostate-Specific Antigen is not effective and may cause harm due to the controversial surrounding of what it caused. According to a report in The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), it states that “… because most prostate cancer will never cause harm, PSA screening considerably increases the risk of receiving a diagnosis of prostate cancer, leading to treatment morbidity among men, with no possibility of benefit” (Hayes, 2014). Since most of the PSA treatment were not 1000 % accurate and sometimes it may lead to fake results. Therefore, the chance of causing more harms due to the results not reliable and the report shows not a significant heal rate in the PSA treatments. So, the benefits of early screening in PSA did not help men in later age who diagnosed with prostate

A thorough assessment of the patient’s perception of his overall health should be done. The patient should be educated on his current medical conditions and what each condition means, and how it affects the body. Since this patient's PSA is 6.0, it is above the normal range. Although, there is no specific normal or abnormal level of PSA in the blood. However, more recent studies have shown that men with PSA below 4.0 ng/ml have prostate cancer (NCI, 2012). And many men with higher levels do not have prostate cancer. I will refer this patient to a urologist. Urologist will do a further work up on him. This pt needs some education about his pending diagnoses.

The patient is a 62 year old male who presented to the GP with an increased tenderness of the pubic region, his systems also included increased frequency of urination. His blood profiles were normal except for prostate specific antigen (PSA) level of 10ng/ml, which significantly above normal for a man of 62 years (which is 4ng/ml). This increased PSA level is indicative of three conditions, prostate cancer, prostatitis and an enlarged prostate (James Catto, 2009).

This report provides a holistic scope of prostate cancer (PCa) from prevention, pathology, diagnostic screening, pharmacology, and treatment methods. It also incorporates statistical data, and provides a case study that helps the prospective nursing student to analyze its implications for their practice. The current methods for PCa diagnostics is often times not conclusive, and this causes a controversial decision to be made by the patient and the healthcare provider to either perform a surgery to remove the prostate, or a wait-and-see method of progression. The gold standard for diagnostic screening for PCa has long been prostate specific antigen (PSA); however newer methods are coming to light that enhance the PCA screening by adding additional biomarkers and advanced algorithms that help to reduce over-diagnosis of PCa. The bright side to this disease is two-fold: it mainly effects those in older age, and early detection can account for a 95% success rate up to 15 years after detection.

Once again, unlike most cancers the signs of prostate cancer can develop very differently in each individual male as the cause of the cancer can also vary greatly. Due to these wide ranges of causes and symptoms, a number of different screening procedures may be required to clear or diagnose someone with prostate cancer. These screening

Cancer biology can be defined as the ‘study of irregularities and incontrollable growth of individual cells, tissue or organ in any organisms’ thus prostate cancer as one form. In addition to this I also feel there are other disciplines seeing within this research, such as structural biology (shape and organization of biological macromolecules) and endocrinology (glands and hormones), relevant when discussing PSA testing. The discipline of cell biology (e.g. study of cell life) and

The study was publishes in 2015. This study determined the optimum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) value coupled with free PSA% (FPSA%) to reduce the number of unnecessary biopsies performed on benign prostate disease while identifying significant tumors of prostate cancer (PCa). The study involved 2,225 Caucasian patients who experienced biopsies between the years of 1995 and 2012 and were in the Biobank. The patients were stratified into four age groups: < or = 49 years, 50-60 years, 60-69 years, and > or = 70 years. To determine the new PSA cutoff values, scenarios were simulated with sensitivity and specificity calculated for all PSA cutoff values from 1.25 ng/ml to 6 ng/ml in increments of 0.5 ng/ml and FPSA% values of 15%, 18%, and 20% were compared and contrasted for all groups. Sensitivity was determined to be 88% in all groups, this value was utilized as the lower limit for the new cutoff values and among that group of > or = 88% those with the highest specificity and sensitivity were utilized as the new PSA cutoff values. Statistical analysis was calculated for the new cutoffs, including a 95% confidence interval. The receiver operating characteristic curves with stratified FPSA% values of < or = 18% vs. > 18% and < or = 21% vs. 21% were noted. The proposed new cutoffs for PSA, the FPSA% and the reduced number of biopsies

Second is age- and race-specific PSA reference ranges. Age- and race-specific PSA reference ranges compare the PSA test results among men in the same group. Third is Percent-free PSA (fPSA) is the percentage of the total PSA that is unbound. Evidence suggests that fPSA is lower in men who have prostate cancer compared with men who do not. Fourth are the complexed PSA (cPSA) test measures the amount of bound PSA circulating in the blood. Fifth is the PSA density (PSAD) which is a test sometimes used by doctors in patients who have a large prostate gland. To determine PSAD, the PSA value (ng/mL) is divided by the volume (size in cubic centimeters) of the prostate. The size of the prostate gland is determined by Tran’s rectal ultrasound (TRUS), a procedure that uses sound waves to create a picture of the prostate. ( (Diagnosis))

Prostate cancer is a common cancer among men in the United States and around the world. Authors Elaine N. Marieb and Katja Hoehn of the textbook, Human Anatomy and Physiology Tenth Edition, published on

A blood test that tests for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) may also be done. Normally a small amount of PSA is in the blood for healthy men; a higher amount can indicate abnormalities with the prostate. The PSA combined with the DRE test has the highest rate of discovering prostate cancer in its early stages.

Acid Phosphatase is an enzyme found in seminal fluid. It comes from the prostate gland (Johnson 2009). Typically, the more Prostatic Acid Phosphatase found in a sample of semen is a sign of prostate cancer. This is important because the Acid Phosphatase Color Test was once used to determine of a male had prostate cancer. It was later replaced by Prostate Specific Antigen, aka PSA. Forensic scientists still use this test to identify semen, however. In 1938, Gutman and Gutman reported increased levels of acid phosphatase in patients with metastatic prostate cancer (Taira, Merrick, Wallner, and Dattoli, “Reviving the Acid Phosphatase Test for Prostate Cancer”). It was later replaced by the Prostate Specific Antigen in 1971 (Taira, Merrick, Wallner, and Dattoli, “Reviving the Acid Phosphatase Test