Indicator and Determinants of High Blood Pressure

Hypertension is sometimes referred to as the silent killer (Aycock, Kirkendoll, & Gordon, 2013). Today it is a public health problem. According to the American Heart Association 2013 Statistical Fact Sheet (2013), one out of every three adults has high blood pressure, which is estimated at 77.9 million people (AHA,

High blood pressure (hypertension ) is defined as high pressure (tension ) in the arteries , which are the vessels that carry blood from the heart to the rest of the body . High blood pressure is considered one of the highest causes of morbidity , one of the main leading causes of cardiovascular disease , and social global burden health risk factor . In addition to the high-cost burden to the global health service providers . About 70 million American adults have high blood pressure . Only about half of people with high blood pressure have their condition under control . Nearly 1 of 3 American adults has prehypertension , blood pressure numbers that are higher than normal , but not yet in the high blood pressure range . High blood pressure

The major health problem selected for this project was hypertension (Harrison et al, 2011). It is identified as a cardio vascular disease risk factor such as dementia, chronic kidney disease, coronary heart disease, and stroke (NICE, 2011). It can be missed easily, as in various instances it is asymptomatic as well as it is also known as a silent killer. The Hypertension is thought to be a disease of vascular regulation ensuing from arterial pressure control mechanisms malfunction (extracellular fluid volume, rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and CNS) that results in elevation of BP by means of enhanced peripheral vascular resistance, and cardiac output. There are 2 basic hypertension types. Around 90 to 95 percent of the individuals have primary hypertension which is linked with change in lifestyle as well as needs medical treatment. On the other hand, 5-10% has secondary hypertension which is linked with various other diseases for instance pregnancy, thyroid, and renal (Haslam and James, 2005). It is estimated that around 1 in 20 adults will have increased BP of 160/100 mmHg and above that results in either more than one predisposing aspects (Gemmell et al, 2006).

Evidence-Based Practice: Hypertension High blood pressure increases your risk for heart disease and stroke, two leading causes of death for both Florida and the United States (Centers for disease control, 2017). High blood pressure, also called hypertension, is known as the “silent killer” because it often has no warning signs or symptoms, and many people do not know they have it. Hypertension damages blood vessels in the organs, reducing their ability to work properly (National institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases, 2016). About 1 of 3 U.S. adults—or about 75 million people—have high blood pressure. Only 54% of these people have their high blood pressure under control (Centers for disease control, 2017). Hypertension education, which focuses on controlling the disease with medication, diet, and losing weight, is important in preventing or delaying the progression of serious complications. Most people diagnosed with hypertensive disease will need to see a medical professional who will recommend lifestyle changes to help you control and prevent high blood pressure (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2006, p. 1742).

Social Problem in African American Men African Americans are known to struggle with hypertension more than any other race. The social problem described by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2010) stated, African American men are more likely to have high blood pressure than whites, Hispanics, or Mexican American

African American has been plague with hypertension, otherwise known as high blood pressure or the “silent killer” for decades. It is estimated that approximately 72 million Americans - almost 1 in 3 adults – are affected by this disease (National Heart Lung Blood Institute (NHLBI)). However, hypertension is more common in African Americans than Whites and other ethnic groups for the different classifications of blood pressure levels. According to Rosamond et al., 2007” African Americans have the highest prevalence rate of hypertension in the world. For example, a national survey in the US, found that the age-adjusted prevalence of hypertension was 78.7% for non-Hispanic blacks, 46.7% for non-Hispanic whites, and 41.8% for Mexican-Americans

High Blood pressure is very common; more than 50 million American adults have high blood pressure or hypertension that is one-forth of the adult population. That translate into, roughly one in every four American adult has some form of high blood pressure or they have hypertension. The segments of the population most affected by high blood pressure are males, diabetics, elderly persons, people of Hispanic origin, and people living in the southern regions of the United States. In addition, those persons with associated chronic illnesses such as emphysema; chronic stress syndrome, diabetes and similar illness are also in

Hypertension in the U.S. and Egypt Abstract: This writing assignment revolves around the importance of better understanding hypertension so that it can more effectively be treated. Thus, scrutinizing research articles focusing on patients with hypertension around the U.S. and Egypt allow one to better understand which treatments are the most effective in managing this condition, shedding light on the condition as a whole. Part A of the paper will discuss what nurses can and should do in terms of helping to manage this condition and the range of multi-faceted ways they absolutely must attempt to control the condition from a variety of perspectives. Part B scrutinizes and discusses a range of studies that revolve around the issue of hypertension and the evidence based practice recommendations that have largely been uncovered. Part C will focus upon a brief summary of all the research studies presented and attempt to draw conclusions and assert trends. Ideally, Part C will indicate necessary actions on behalf of clinicians and the medical community as whole. The overarching purpose of this paper is an attempt to shed light on the best ways the professional medical community can control, prevent and pinpoint the issue of hypertension in its entirety.

Background As late as about seven decades ago, elevated blood pressure was considered by many expert physicians to be necessary for the adequate perfusion of vital organs. It was deemed as an unavoidable, hence essential, component of the aging process leading to the coining of the term “essential hypertension”. High blood pressure (BP) was considered as probable natural and necessary compensatory phenomenon that should be left alone even if there were effective treatments (Hay, 1931; White, 1937). This notion was further strengthened by the observed elevated misery and premature death recorded for the patients that were treated for hypertension with the few drugs that were available at the time compared to those that were left untreated (Goldring,

Roy age 60, male newly diagnosed with hypertension, noting previous office visit education presented and implemented in a plan to try diet changes and increase exercise. Following up with Roy presently, with results of unchanged blood pressure (for example: 150/94-hypertension stage 1) readings would direct conversation to explaining, blood is needed to circulate our bodies for survival. Having high blood pressure causes the walls of the arteries to demand higher than usual force, causing the heart to work harder to pump the necessary amount of blood needed throughout the body. In order to not overwork the heart or cause further cardiovascular complications, hypertension is initially treated with lifestyle modifications, if no improvement with

Some symptoms experienced by very few is a sudden increase in nose bleeds, dizziness and headaches. On average a person will not present any signs or symptoms from being hypertensive, it is for that reason that regular monitoring of BP is necessary. Syncope can be a result in too much blood flow to the legs and not enough traveling upwards to supply the brain, which causes a person to faint. Despite these subtle appearances, people will not seek medical attention because they do appear as significant problems. Early detection allows us to effectively control the disease. Hypertension often goes unnoticed until it reaches life threatening stages. The gradual debilitating effects of Hypertension is why it commonly referred to as “The Silent Killer” (Ilyas, 2015). Hypertension is a lifelong disease with no cure. Since Vicki has been diagnosed as being hypertensive, she should implement immediate life changing commitments. Following the physicians treatment guidelines will allow her to live a more normal

CHAPTER 1 Introduction and Literature Review 1.1 Motivation Approximately one in every three adult’s ages 20 years old and older are diagnosed with high blood pressure or hypertension. Hypertension affects 78 million people in the United States and is equally prevalent in both men and woman (Crabtree et al., 2013). Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (Hajjar & Kotchen, 2003). It can lead to stroke, myocardial infarction, renal failure, heart failure, neurological issues, and death if not detected early and not treated properly (James, Oparil, Carter, & et al., 2014). Approximately 9.4 million deaths in 2010 were attributed to high blood pressure (Angell, De Cock, & Frieden, 2015). About 54% of strokes, 47% of coronary heart disease, and 25 % of other cardiovascular diseases are attributed to high blood pressure (Arima, Barzi, & Chalmers, 2011).

Evidence-Based Practice for Treating Hypertension Madison Barber, Heather Flowers, Mary Evelyn Lott, and Cynthia Potts Auburn University Abstract Modern medical advancements have significantly decreased the prevalence and severity of infectious disease as well as the treatment of acute, traumatic conditions. Pharmacological research has also gained insight into the management of chronic disease. Still,

Hypertension is widely considered to be one of the most important risk factors of cardiovascular diseases (angina, arrhythmia, etc.). It is the second leading disease that causes mortality in the world. Hypertension is the condition when there is an increase in the force of blood on the walls of vessels. It can also be defined as an arterial blood pressure that is raised above 140/90 mm Hg (systolic/ diastolic BP). Hypertension can be classified into Secondary hypertension and Essential hypertension. When specific cause is evident but heredity, and various physiological parameters play a role in increasing blood pressure is known as Essential Hypertension. Secondary Hypertension is one where the cause is known. According to WHO guidelines between 2006 and 2015, deaths due to cardiovascular diseases are expected to increase by 17% while the deaths from infectious diseases, nutritional deficiencies, maternal and prenatal conditions are projected to decline by 3%. The main causes of hypertension includes the age ,hereditary, gender, extra weight, alcohol consumption, stress life, lazy life etc.

2. Literature review This chapter reviews the literature on hypertension and hyperlipidaemia and their relation to risk factors including age, gender, genetics, diet and weight, alcohol, smoking, lack of activity and co-morbidity. It also examines mediating factors including economic factors, stress/personality, medications, lifestyle modifications and complementary therapies including foot reflexology and