Determination Of Solubility Of Fenoprofen

In this investigation, a TLC plate and ethyl acetate (solvent) were used to measure the Rf values of four different solutions of Tylenol, Anacin, Acetaminophen, and Acetylsalicylic acid. The value of Rf depends on the strength of the intermolecular forces that exists in molecules. The stronger the intermolecular forces are, the harder the solvent moves the molecule up, resulting a small Rf value. In contrast, molecules with weak intermolecular forces tend to have a high Rf value.

The unknown sample was identified to contain Acetaminophen, Aspirin, and caffeine based on comparison of known Rf values (Table 1). When comparing the traveled UV lit spots (figure 1), Aspirin and Ibuprofen traveled the same distance from the start line. Unknown sample 16 contains Aspirin not Ibuprofen, due to the intensity of the spot under UV light. Aspirin and the unknown shared that same intensity, whereas Ibuprofen did not share that same strength of brightness. The distance traveled by the samples was dependent upon their affinity for the mobile phase 200:1 ethyl acetate – acetic acid. The samples that traveled the furthest like the Aspirin and Ibuprofen were the most soluble in the mobile phase. The samples that traveled the shortest

The goal of the solubility experiment is to determine weather a substance is soluble or insoluble using various techniques. In part A of the experiment the solubility of different substances in different solvents will be investigated. To achieve the goal of part a 40 mg of benzophenone will be placed into test tubes. Each test tube will contain a different solvent and one will serve as a control. A spatula will be used to stir the contents in the test tube, once this step is complete it will be determined if the solid is soluble, insoluble, or partially soluble. Like part A, part B will also test the solubility, however the solubility of different alcohols will be tested to do this 1 mL of water or hexane will be added to each test tube

6. The solubility of the solids were tested using a micro tray, by placing them in water and oil to observe their polarity,

The solvent mixture we decided to use for our TLC was a 3:1 ratio of ethanol to ethyl acetate. Originally when testing plates, we found that ethanol was the solvent that created the most clear and vibrant image, while ethyl acetate made an image, in a much smaller amount of time, but this image was very light and unclear. At first we decided to use only ethanol for the final TLC, but after waiting 20 minutes and having the plate being nowhere near finishing, we decided to add some ethyl acetate to speed up the process. When testing, we added ethyl acetate 1 mL at a time until we found a combination of speed and clarity we were happy with. This is how we settled on the mixture of 75% ethanol and 25% ethyl acetate.

Experimental Method: Polyethylene glycol 3350(PEG) was placed in water in order to measure the amount of time it took for the PEG to dissolve. The amount of both PEG and water were the same for each trial, the only changing factor was the temperature of the water. Timing started the moment PEG was placed into water, and the timer was stopped once PEG was dissolved.

Which brand of painkilling medicine dissolves the fastest and does flavor, coating, and color of the pill affect the dissolution time? If several different pain neutralizing pills are placed in stomach acid and timed in order to find out which pill dissolves first, then the most effective pill will be the first to dissolve. In order to test this, eight different types of pain neutralizing medicine were put into simulated stomach acid and timed. Normal strength, liquid gel capsules, and children's flavored pills were all tested. In order to accurately simulate stomach acid, vinegar, which has the same pH levels of stomach acid, was heated to thirty seven degrees Celsius and stirred constantly and evenly. The pills tested were Advil, Children's

In 2015, the Drug Enforcement Administration ended up identifying the drug "Fentanyl" as a top player, a leading cause of injury death, in our good ol' United States. It was part of a new spark in prescription drug abuse after a brief plateu somewhere between 2011 and 2013. But what is fentanyl? It is a common prescription drug that is 30+ times more effective than heroin, and 100 times more effective than morphine, used for pain control. Unfortunately, it is high on the list for both psychological and physical addiction.

The solubility of solid compounds was studied during part A of the experiment. The results are recorded in Table 1. One ml each of the solvents water, methyl alcohol, and hexane were added separately to the solid organic compounds Benzophenone (.045g), malonic acid (.041g), and biphenyl (.042g). Together benzophenone and water are insoluble, benzophenone and methyl Alcohol are soluble, and Benzophenone and Hexane are soluble. Malonic acid and water are soluble, Malonic acid and Methyl Alcohol are soluble, and Malonic acid and Hexane are insoluble. Biphenyl and water are insoluble, Biphenyl and Methyl Alcohol are partially soluble, and Biphenyl and Hexane are soluble.

Patterson et al. used three poorly water soluble drugs (carbamazepine, dipyridamole and indomethacin) with a polymer polyvinyl pyrrolidone K30 (PVP K30) at a 1:2 drug polymer ratio to prepare glass solutions of the drugs. The glass solution was referring to an amorphous solid in which the solute will disperse in the solid solvent on a molecular level. (Patterson et al., 2007).

When using an ethanol/water co-solvent vehicle, the enhancement effect of ethanol appears to be concentration dependent. It is probable that at higher ethanol levels dehydrate the biological membrane and thus reduce permeation across the tissue (5). Fatty alcohols (or alkanols) may also have penetration enhancing activity. These molecules are typically applied to the skin in a co-solvent, often PG, at concentrations between 1% and 10%.

As mentioned in the discussion, olive oil, vegetable oil, crisco, and lard were soluble in nonpolar solvents and insoluble in polar solvents. This is due to the chemical composition of polar and nonpolar substances which results from the molecular shape as well as properties of dissolving solutes in solution. Polar substances are hydrophilic and contain polar Van Der Waals interactions (intermolecular forces) such as dipole-dipole forces, ion-dipole forces, and hydrogen bonding. Nonpolar substances are hydrophobic and contain non-polar Van Der Waals interactions. ‘Like dissolve like’ is the reason only polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents and why nonpolar solutes dissolve in nonpolar solvents. Molecules with similar polarity have similar intermolecular forces and therefore, can interact with each, or in this case dissolve9. Additionally, the solubility of a compound is determined by the length of the hydrocarbon chain. Long hydrocarbon chains such as the one found in oleic acid makes a compound more insoluble10. Therefore, since the lipids used in this experiment were hydrophobic substances and each lipid has long hydrocarbon chains, the results were consistent with the scientific literature and principles.

Water is one of the most common solvents used in the world. We found that when mineral oil (decane) is added to water the two repel each other and separate, leaving the oil on the surface of the water. Water is polar and decane is nonpolar and because opposites do not attract the decade does not dissolve not the water. When isopropyl alcohol is added to water it formed little sting like structures as it dissolved. Both the solvent and solute are polar which is why the alcohol dissolved so nicely into the water. When copper (II) chloride was added to the water it turned a bright blue-green colour, but did not dissolve. This is because copper (II) chloride is an ionic compound and the forces of attraction holding it together are stronger than the force of attraction between water and the positive and negative ions. The coconut oil did not dissolve when added to the water because coconut oil is very nonpolar, so the water could not pull apart any of the positive or negative sides. When the glucose was added to the water, it dissolved immediately. The glucose is polar and so is water, so the water will pull the slightly positive and negative sides decomposing the crystals.

Pulmonary drug delivery of peptides and proteins is highly desirable because of many advantages such as rapid and predictable onset of action, high relative bioavailability and non-invasive mode of administration which improves patient compliance. In the current study the effect of sugar carrier type (trehalose as non-reducing and maltose as reducing sugar), hydroxy propyl-β-cyclodextrin concentration (0%, 0.02% and 0.04%) and adding tween 80 as surfactant on physicochemical stability and aerosol performance of spray freeze dried salmon calcitonin was investigated. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis indicated that cyclodextrin concentration had the most important effect on powder’s chemical stability and by increasing the concentration of cyclodextrin stability of the formulations increase dramatically. Based on the chemical stability data four formulations (chemical stability over than 90% ) was selected for further examinations. Fluorescence spectroscopy and circular dichroism data suggest that these chemically stable formulations are structurally stable too. Aerosol performance data shows that surfactant-free formulations produce higher fine particle fraction (approximately 70%) than surfactant containing formulations (approximately 50%). It may be due to the more cohesive structure of surfactant containing formulations.

The energies related to the attachment of particles to fluid interfaces rely on four factors: roughness, chemical nature, wettability and size of the particles[1]. Wettability of the particles plays an important role and is reflected by the three-phase contact angle, θ.