Determination of Unknown Liquid (2-Butanol)

The Hydroxyl group on alcohols relates to their reactivity. This concept was explored by answering the question “Does each alcohol undergo halogenation and controlled oxidation?” . Using three isomers of butanol; the primary 1-butanol, the secondary 2-butanol and the tertiary 2-methyl-2-propanol, also referred to as T-butanol, two experiments were performed to test the capabilities of the alcohols. When mixed with hydrochloric acid in a glass test tube, the primary alcohol and secondary alcohols were expected to halogenate, however the secondary and tertiary ended up doing so. This may have been because of the orientation of the Hydroxyl group when butanol is in a different

In doing the lab, one was able to determine the characteristics of the given solutions, containing different macromolecules, whilst doing the multiple tests. The tests performed were,

The flame test had a variety of results. Most of the known compounds did not match our unknown except for Ca(NO3)2. Both Ca(NO3)2 and the unknown compound had a deep red/orange color flame. While Ca(NO3)2 had the closest results two other compounds had slightly different results but not different enough to rule them out. Those other two compounds were CaCl2 with a yellow/ orange color and CaCO3 with a reddish color.

By identifying the solubility of the unknown, it could lead to a closer interpretation as to what the functional group the unknown may be. Solubility is determined based on intermolecular attractive forces, such as hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole, and London dispersion forces. Intermolecular attractive forces arise due to different electron environments in different molecules. For example, water molecules are good at dissolving

Through this experiment, I used IR and NMR to identify several unknown compounds. In order to identify my pure unknown compound, IR-12, I first looked for any medium to strong peaks on my IR spectra. The peaks that were useful in identifying my unknown were: a C-O bond of an ester at 1043.8, a C-O bond of an ester at 1243.6, a stretching C=O bond at 1743.2, a stretching alkyl C-H bond at 2860.4, and a stretching alkyl C-H bond at 2958.7. When figuring out which IR unknown was my compound, I first looked to see if my IR spectra showed an alcohol or an amine. Since my IR spectra didn’t show an alcohol or an amine, I was able narrow down my choices of possible compounds to twelve. Next, I looked for an aromatic ring in my IR spectra and since my IR didn’t show an aromatic ring, I was able to narrow down my choices to six possible compounds. Then I looked for any nitriles in my IR and since my IR didn’t contain any nitriles, I was able to narrow down my choice to five possible compounds. Then, I looked to see if my IR contained a ketone, an aldehyde, or an ester. My IR spectra didn’t contain a ketone or an aldehyde, however, it did contain an ester, which is how I was able to identify my unknown, IR-12.

Also, the similarity between the database reference of Isobutyl Acetate, reference IR data graph included, and the experimental IR would also suggest that the products are the same and suggest that the unknown reagent was Isobutyl Alcohol.

The dehydration of 2-methyl-2-butanol was performed using sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid in order to synthesize alkene products 2-methyl-1-butene and 2-methyl-2-butene. After carrying out steam distillation to isolate the organic alkenes from aqueous components within the reaction mixture, the purity and characterization of the products were then assessed through various analytical methods including Gas Chromatography (GC), Infrared Radiation (IR) Spectroscopy, and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Imaging. Through the characterization of the final products, it was found that little impurities remained in the final reaction solution and according to the GC, no alcohol remained in the vial after the reaction was complete. The actual yield

The purpose of using solubility analysis on an unknown is to narrow the possible unknowns given based on the solubility analysis. Acetone was a control for ketone and was soluble in water. Hexanal was a control for an aldehyde and was insoluble in water due to intermolecular forces, such as an increased amount of hydrophobic area rather than hydrophilic area. As a result, by identifying the solubility of the

To analyze the purity of the product, an IR test was run. 2-methyl-2-butanol has a large OH peak; 2-chloro-2-butane does not, but otherwise looks quite similar. The main peak on 2-chloro-2-butane is a C-Cl peak; however, this peak is not revealed with this IR machine, so it could not be analyzed. The IR chart for the experimental product did not have the OH peak and looked like the theoretical IR chart, meaning it was dry and that the desired product had been

...Purpose: The purpose of this experiment was to test and observe the physical and chemical...

Prepared 2 tables in the lab notebook with solutes and 3 test solvents which are : acetonitrile, cyclohexane and water. One will be for the solubility prediction and another one for the actual data. Predict whether or not the solute will be soluble in the 3 solvents on the table. Compare the IMF in solute and solvent to predict solubility. If soluble write (S),slightly soluble(SS) and (I) for insoluble and which IMF will be the dominant one. Starting with water as the solvent.Obtain 8 test tubes and label them with the name of solutes: acetone,cyclohexane dichloromethane,acetonitrile ,glucose,benzoic acid,sodium sulfate and oleic acid. For the solutes, either weigh out 0.05g of solids or add 10 drops of liquid into the test tubes. Add 1 mL or 20 drops of water to each test tube and stir.

The glowing splint test was used to find what gas was being produced by the reaction. First, a match was lit by swiping it across the side of the matchbox meant for lighting the match. Then, the wooden splint was lit by the lit match. When the splint began to glow orange, the flame on the splint was blown out. Immediately after being blown out the burnt end of the splint was held over the test tube where the reaction was taking place. If hydrogen is being released then a pop can be heard. If oxygen is being produced then the splint will be re-ignited.

Butanol is an aliphatic alcohol with a four-carbon structure and the molecular formula of C4H10O, the general structure is shown below. There are four isomeric structures for butanol; 1-butanol (or n-butanol), iso-butanol, 2- butanol and tert-butanol. With the exception of tert-butanol, the isomers occur naturally as a product of fermentation of carbohydrates. Compared to diesel, butanol is a better fuel alternative because the CO2 output is lower than that of diesel, the energy output is -, and there are less pollutants formed by butanol.

Flame Test Purpose: The premise of the lab experiment was to observe the color of visible light emitted from several compounds and find what the unknown substance is by comparing its reaction to others. The emission of light, more so, occurs when an electron releases absorbed energy from its excited state and reverts back to a position of lower energy, a ground state. Procedure: In order to achieve the results for the experiment, a Q-tip was used to place near the Bunsen burner.

For the identification of the product, IR, 13C NMR and 1H NMR spectra were examined, and the product was found to be butyl propionate. In the IR spectrum, RM-11-Bi, five key peaks are observed. These peaks are sp3 hybridized carbons at 2961 cm-1 and 2877 cm-1, an ester at 1737 cm-1, a