Detrimental Effects of Open Access Policies

It is predicted that the distribution and the abundance of both the animals and plants of the mangroves ecosystem would differ depending on the locations and the effects of the abiotic factors.

Economic activity and our environment have been closely linked since man first discovered the concept of trade. In the language of economics, the environment has itself, become an increasingly “scarce resource1”. Since economics is about managing these scarce resources, it will be a useful tool when considering some of the environmental issues facing our planet. One of the major concerns confronting the environment today is the overfishing of the world’s oceans, depleting some species to near extinction. With continued advances in technological and industrial proficiency, fishing vessels are able to fish across the globe, further exacerbating the effects of overfishing. Because the oceans are considered a shared or common

Assalamualaikum and hye everyone. I’m sure that all of you know what is mangrove right? But can you give me the exact meaning of mangrove? When I’m first said mangrove, what does come to your mind? It is a wonderful creation which gives lots of benefits or is it a frightening surrounding which is full of biting insects, savage crocodile or unhealthy air and extremely difficult to transverse? Today, there are still lack of awareness and understanding about these mangroves ecosystem and those negative view about it is still persists. Most of people don’t even know actually the mangrove ecosystem play an important role for our ecosystem and even in our life. Without knowing the importance of it, they easily destroy the mangrove ecosystem to build the shrimp pond or what so ever. I strongly against this activities because I believe that we should save our mangroves ecosystem for our own benefits. There are three reasons that will support my statement why we should protect mangrove ecosystem. It acts as breeding and nursery grounds for variety of animals, protect the land from erosion and act as carbon

Our end results only supported to some extent our hypothesis that increasing numbers of brine shrimp would directly cause decreases in algae concentration. Our hypothesis, if applied to only the jars of 3 and 6 brine shrimp, would be highly supported, due to the significant difference in algae concentrations. Evidently, the more shrimp that were present in the ecosystem, the less algae that were available at the end. In an ecosystem with more consumers, the consumers demand a higher amount of nutrients from the environment, or more specifically, the producers. And as the consumers develop and grow, those demands also grow. And thus, when we increased the amount of brine shrimp, more algae were consumed per unit time. Though the rate of consumption from the brine shrimp did not exceed the rate of growth of the algae in any jar, the

As I researched how overfishing affects the ocean, I came across an article, from the credible source, World wildlife fund; titled “Overfishing”. As I read more about what it does to the ecosystem; there I learned that “More than 85 percent of the world 's fisheries have been pushed to or beyond their biological limits and are in need of strict management plans to restore them” ("Overfishing"). I thought to myself, that’s insane. As I continued to read I learned that most of the protein the world gets comes from those fisheries; most of the world depends on the ocean for the daily caloric intake ("Big-Fish Stocks Fall 90 Percent Since 1950, Study Says"). Illegal fishing is another culprit of the decline of the fish stocks worldwide. Illegal fishing can range from fishing fleets taking more than they can and ignoring protocols to recreational fishermen who don’t follow set regulations. All of these factors play a vital role in the declination of biodiversity not only at home but around the world ("Big-Fish Stocks Fall 90 Percent Since 1950, Study Says"). One specific way that fleet fishermen are using that destroys fish populations but also that actual ocean floor is, bottom trawling. Bottom trawling is when they rake the ocean floor to drive up the fish to the surface, thus annihilating the fish on all the levels of water ("Big-Fish Stocks Fall 90 Percent Since 1950, Study Says"). This is incredible affectful to the size of the haul, but it destroys the fishery and the

This issue of overfishing covers vast fields, such as science, humanity, economy, society and nature. The term “optimum”, in regard to the yield from a fishery, is difficult to be defined, precisely and fixedly. Generally speaking, we can describe it as follows: (Niles E. Stople, January 2009, FishNet USA)

As if overfishing in the earth’s oceans wasn’t bad enough and little to no time for the fish’s population to reproduce we are slowly exhausting the vast ocean’s natural ecosystem of their wildlife (Dr. Daniel Pauly, Overfishing.org) and with the probable extinction of the sharks bring ruin the entire global economy, with that the number of sea life with decrease exponentially hence our way of life of fishing will become extremely difficult to fish in the earth’s oceans with little to no fish left to catch. Eventually it may become a reality where fishermen may not be able to maintain their basic living lifestyle and millions of people will suffer unemployment with a deteriorating ocean thus the economic foundation will be at risk of

clearance of coastal mangroves; depletion of fish prey; increased palm oil plantations; trapping; snaring; poisoning.

Historically, oceans had enough marine life to feed a growing population, which at first, could handle human consumption until an increase in overfishing led to many species not being replenished. In fact, the demands of an ever-increasing population, particularly in poorer U.S. and Vietnam areas, has now over stripped the sustainable yield of the seas along with technological innovation.

The act of overfishing is not the only problem in the reduction in fish biomass being witnessed today. Salmon, a fish that once flourished in many of the world’s rivers has been relegated to smaller habitats with the proliferation of dams. Other sources of environmental degradation and reduction for fish have occurred with cod and the bottom trawling fishing technique that tears up the sea bottom and ultimately leads to a lack in cod nurseries for reproduction. More generally, a lack of “no-catch zones” has effectively reduced fish habitats as spawning grounds have been exploited and fish stocks depleted. Even still, for some fish like cod, governmental agencies to resuscitate their numbers by creating these no-catch zones have been ineffective as fish stocks became to depleted before regulation implementation. Government regulations are being created throughout

The international trade in corals today mainly focuses on live corals for the marine reef aquarium trade. The purpose of this study is to understand the overall trends over time (in this instance, 21 years between 1990-2010) as coral species enter the trade and become more commercially popular. Another reason was to assess the impact that increased aquaculture production of corals has on the trade, and predict how changes in the trade of live corals may impact coral reef ecosystems. Trade increased over 8% per year between 1990 to mid-2000s, and then decreased by 9% each year. The aquarium and trade for corals is associated with positive and negative impacts to ecosystems and societies. The timing of the peak and decline varies among

The world has been industrializing for over a century, leading to better lives for people everywhere. Unfortunately, industrialization often results in an overuse of resources that can often have unintended consequences. In today’s world, industrialization of the fishing industry has led to a rapid decline in many fish species. This is due to a number of factors, ranging from changing ocean temperatures, acidification and degradation of many natural habitats fish depend on, to poor measurement of current fish populations. The main factor in the decline of fish populations worldwide, however, is overfishing on a massive industrial scale. The decline of fish populations could have massive consequences for ocean ecosystems and could result in shortages of fish many communities have grown dependent on not only for food, but to support their local economies. In order to find the best solution to the rapid decline in fish populations worldwide, evidence must be analyzed relating to the environmental, economic, scientific, historical, and futuristic lenses.

In today’s global economy sustainability is very important; from the biological aspect to the industries they all play a role on the marine environment. As world population increases the demand of fish rises causing overfishing. Certain laws have been placed to limit the amount of wild fishing to reduce the risk of endangerment. To meet the demand of the population, fish farms are introduced. Pollution and health related issues are part of the challenges of fish farming. Sustainability also affects social areas such as beaches.

Seagrasses are essential primary producers that provide habitat and refuge to fauna. Anthropogenic influences have caused global loss of seagrasses and a major contributor is eutrophication, which increases phytoplankton and algal populations, reduces light availability, and causes daily hypoxic conditions. Eutrophication is commonly linked to declines in temperate conditions and is more difficult to link to tropical systems since decreases are typically related to physical damage and diminishing light conditions from runoff. Climate change, herbivore declines, disease and overfishing, along with anthropogenic impacts from coastal development, run-off, eutrophication, and aquaculture have caused declines in coral reefs and mangrove systems. These three systems are interconnected and when one system is impacted, secondary impacts are observed in the other systems; coastal ecosystems will be adversely effected and decline. Additional research, conservation, and ways to reduce anthropogenic impacts have been discussed. Restoration is used to reverse habitat loss, although success is varied. Coastal systems and the biological and ecosystem services they provide, may take decades to establish. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are instituted to protect systems from further degradation, restore communities and allow them to flourish naturally. However, local residents are affected by MPAs and may become displaced, have restriction placed on their livelihood, or elimination of their

Shrimps remain to be the largest single product in value terms accounting about 15 % of the internationally traded fisheries products in 2012. Moreover, shrimps are primarily produced in developing countries, and much of this production progressively expands in the international trade. As the economic conditions develop in these countries, growing demand leads to high domestic consumption leading to fewer exports. Such high demand and the subsequent overexploitation are negatively impacting the standing stocks of shrimp which fall below the healthy standard levels. This requires regular monitoring, assessment and management of each species to keep tracking of the effects of such