Development Of Novel Chemotherapy Drug Delivery Systems

Targeted therapy, which first became available in the late 1990s, has had a significant impact on the treatment of cancer. Currently, because of advancement in the field of technology, various types of therapies are discovered to treat cancer. In this essay, targeted therapy is defined as a therapy in which various drugs or other substances are used to recognize and kill the cancerous cells without harming the normal cell (National cancer institute, 2014). Effectiveness refers to the degree in

Photodynamic therapy is also referred to as photodynamic action, which refers to photosensitized reactions. 1 This reactions involve exciting oxygen in the cell, which then becomes cytotoxic and destroys the cell, in this case for example a cancerous cell. This began in around the 1960s by R.L. Lipson and S. Schwartz at the Mayo Clinic. The scientists observed that injecting hematoporphyrin allowed for the flurescence of lesions

In America today finding a cure for cancer is a huge priority with clinical trails being a big part in these goal there are some newly developed drugs and technology that are making a huge impact in the cancer world.

Nanocarriers (NCs) have emerged as a favored drug delivery approach towards improving the anticancer benefits of several bioactives for cancer therapy with recent reports showing the application of NC systems in clinical settings [18]. The NCs with size < 100 nm have been associated with enhanced permeation and retention effect (EPR) due to the presence of leaky vasculature in the tumor tissues which contributes to its enhanced efficacy. Also recently, NCs have shown to be effective in the treatment of malignant mesothelioma [19]. A recent study by Kanai et al. showed that the NC albumin-bound paclitaxel and carboplatin (nabPC) repetitively achieved tumor regression in malignant mesothelioma

Photodynamic therapy uses light energy and drugs that react specifically to that energy to kill cancer cells. It is in the early stages of testing for efficacy against

Some new advances in science and technology opens up new opportunities in the fight against cancer, not only to treat the disease, but also to treat many forms of cancer permanently.

As discussed, radiotherapy and chemotherapeutic agents both can negatively affect the body by causing damage to healthy cells, not just those of the cancer. This issue has led to the development of a new type of treatment, one that solely seeks out the cancer cells, kills them, and leaves the bodily cells intact for the most part. According to the National Cancer Institute, there are many different types of treatments that target the

In addition, it was shown that macrophages can mediate the delivery of gold-shell NPs into multicellular human glioma spheroids 76. In the report, gold-shell NPs are composed of a silica core coated with a thin layer of gold which greatly absorbs near-infrared light to generate local heat around NPs. Gold nanoshells (AuNS) NPs were loaded in macrophages via phagocytosis, and it is interesting to observe no apparent toxicity of macrophages after their uptake of nanoparticles 77. When co-incubated with human glioma spheroids, nanoparticle-laden macrophages can migrate and filtrate in the tumor as usual 78. Furthermore, two-photon fluorescence microscopy of glioma spheroids showed that nanoparticle-laden macrophages can accumulate in necrotic sites. When irradiated with 810 nm laser light, the growth of glioma spheroid dramatically decreased compared with the control without of nanoparticle-loading. The efficacy of macrophage-AuNS-mediated photothermal therapy (PTT) on glioma spheroids was also tested, and the growth of spheroids was dramatically suppressed. The same group continued to examine the therapeutic efficacy of macrophage-mediated delivery of AuNS nanoparticles in rat glioma tumor model 79. C6 rat glioma cells were directly injected into brain to generate brain tumor, following the injection of macrophage-AuNS delivery system. After NIR laser irradiation, it was observed that the tissue irradiated by laser was damaged, suggesting the therapeutic effect of AuNS.

When designing an anti-cancer drug, the results that were found in this experiment need to be considered. It was found that the cells were more likely to uptake the drugs at a higher temperature. In particular the uptake of LDL and transferrin was the most successful at 37°C. This temperature is noted as the body temperature. These results make sense because tumors grow in the human body, so the anti cancer drugs need to be the most effective at this body temperature.

Nanomedicine has been tested to try and fight cancer cells and destroy them by the University of California, Los Angeles(UCLA). The nanomedicine has improved unmodified medicine including targeting efficiency. Nanomedicine delivers a “Double whammy” as it is put by UCLA. Nanomedicine has the strength to possibly overcome some of the most severe diseases especially cancer because once cancer is able to be extinguished the human race could become nearly invulnerable. Cancer is one of the most severe cases of a disease. Cancer could kill thousands and diagnose way more people.

Chemoembolization using drug eluting microspheres (DEM TACE) was developed to prolong the release of chemotherapeutic agent within the tumor in a prolonged and slow manner. Microspheres (HepaSphere™ Microspheres) 30-60 μmare able to absorb chemotherapeutic agent (Irinotecan). After being mixed with contrast media, microspheres get larger size to 100–200 μm and slowly release the cytotoxic drug. The advantage of DEM TACE is to increase the concentration of chemotherapeutic agent within the tumor, with decreased systemic side effects and toxicity [4,5]. Additionally, the arterial supply of the tumour is embolized by the spheres like in

Nanoparticles have a series of advantages, such as relatively high drug loading, stability in the body fluids and storage conditions, slow controlled release and targeting effect, and easily industrialized production,and they have thereforebecome the hot spot of brain targeted research [14, 15]. Nanoparticles could carry drugs through the BBB and act in the CNS; especially after surface modification they can avoidphagocytosis by thereticuloendothelial system to make drugs available through the BBB and significantly improve the concentration of drugs in the brain, which is becoming an important research field of the basic researchand application of drug delivery

The Cerulean group is focused on enhancing treatments for individuals living with disease. Established in 2006, the organization is creating nanopharmaceutical medicines that expect to target tumors, while saving whatever remains of the body. This is unique to other lethal diseases drugs. The group's lead component is hopeful. CRLX101 is in different trials with affirmed cancer medications to release the force of this powerful therapy.

While chemotherapy and nanotechnology are both being utilized to treat cancer, they differentiate in the targeting procedure. Chemotherapy is a type of treatment for cancerous cells by cytotoxic drugs. Patients either receive monotherapy or combination therapy. The administration of these drugs can be orally or intravenously depending on the origin of the cancer. These chemotherapeutic agents work by interfering with the cell's genetic material, blocking the beneficial nutrients from the cell, triggering apoptosis and stopping the growth of blood vessels that supply the tumor. As a result, the increasingly divided cells are destroyed which leads to the disintegration of healthy cells alongside the cancer cells. Examples of healthy

The paper focuses on importance of delivery of small molecules, proteins, and DNA into cells using carbon black (CB) nanoparticles activated by femtosecond laser pulses. Since the existing biological (e.g. viral vectors), chemical (e.g. cationic lipids and polymers) and physical delivery methods (e.g. electroporation) were inefficient and/or had some side effects, in this work, ultrashort laser pulses were used.