Development Of Urban Water Supply

The Mojave tribe made their own food and Medicine. The Mojave ate a variety of fish, mostly salmon. They also

New York City residents use on average 60-70 gallons of water per day per person according to the New York City Department of Environmental Protection (NYCDEP). In 2016, NYC used 1,002 million gallons per day, that is roughly 12 million gallons a year. It goes without saying that New Yorkers use their water without worry and mindfulness. Very few of us know where we obtain our water source from. If more people were aware of how we obtain our water, we would be more open to conserving it instead of misusing it.

1600-1849: Era of Abundance Americas being settles and Jamestown first settlement in history and abundance of wildlife (Shaw, 316)

Between the 1840s and the 1960s, New York City established the greatest metropolitan water distribution system internationally. Even though NYC’s Water system is a work in progress it can be considered one of the best in respects to its quality, reliability and innovative management.

Northern Indians depended on hunting and gathering. During the spring they lived near the river which allowed them to catch fish, whales and seals. Children would catch birds and bird eggs for food. They kept their hunting to a moderation which allowed animal populations to be sustained. They also ate native plants such as strawberries, raspberries, and other wild plants. During the months of October through March Indians moved to the forest where they hunted beaver, moose and deer. They tried to use every part of the animals they hunted; they used the animals' skin as clothing and their bones as tools. Certain tribes had rules on what to do with left over animal parts. They kept population from increasing in the winter by not storing enough food, which caused some Indians to die during the winter. They also set big forest fires during the summer and fall, which in the long run increased nutrients in the soil. An abundance of grass for the animals made the soil warmer and drier, which allowed oak trees to grow. When the colonists arrived everything changed, the land began to be altered.

Hetch-Hetchy Valley was first discovered in 1871 by John Muir. Muir referred to this valley to Yosemite Valley because of its glamorous views. The name of this valley is derived from Miwok word hatchhatchie, meaning edible grass (tchistory). Hetchy-Hetch was used shortly after as a reservoir and water system for the Bay Area. Hetch-Hetchy Valley is located in the Yosemite National Park of California. Water from Hetch-Hetchy was delivered through the damming of the Tuolumne River at around 3,800 feet elevation; it travels through complex tunnels through the Sierra Nevada. The Hetch-Hetchy Valley presents two of the tallest waterfalls in North America. This valley is also a place where visitors can witness the beautiful wildlife and water

Over the course of thousands of years, groups of people temporarily set up camp a valley in what is now Goshen County, Wyoming (Irwin-Williams et al. 1973; Larson, Kornfeld, and Frison 2009). Small-scale occupations and campsites, which make up the 27 Paleoindian components at the four localities of the site, named Hell Gap after the valley is lies in, provide insight into the lifeways of the individuals who chose to take refuge therein (Larson, Kornfeld, and Frison 2009). The semi-montane environment of the valley, at an elevation of around 1525 meters, opens to the east onto the High Plains, and as such, the resources of the valley and of the plains were easily accessible to the inhabitants (Irwin-Williams et al. 1973).

Everyone in the group sided with the conservationist when it came to Hetch-Hetchy, citing reason both for and against each movement. It was apparent that the conservationist idea of damning Hetch-Hetchy to provide water for the city of San Francisco was the most practical use of the resource. With the earthquake that hit San Francisco in 1906 there was a real need water, and engineers concluded that Hetch-Hetchy was the only practical solution to San Francisco’s water problem (Nash 2014). In comparison, the preservationist idea of keeping Hetch-Hetchy as a “public playground” and keeping it for man’s viewing pleasure wouldn’t offer the most utility for man, and seems almost selfish when considering the nature of the situation in San Francisco.

The thirst for water has lead individuals and organizations to build dams across rivers at an alarming rate. During the early 1900s dams were being built so fast it was no longer big news when a dam was completed. These structures provided controlled irrigation water and hydroelectric power to the communities not only close to the reservoirs and dams, but also provided irrigation water and hydroelectric power to communities many miles away from the river. Negatively blocking the flow of the river has impacted fish ecosystems, increased evaporation of water, and flooded intricately important landscapes. These negative impacts, it can be argued, affect the humans living downstream or within the flood plain of the dam site. Dams

I arrived around noon at the Marin Museum of American Indian which was located In Miwok Park. The Museum was a small two story building surrounded by lots of tall, beautiful trees. Thousand years ago this area was an Indian village composed of circular homes, a sweat lodge and a larger ceremonial house. On the right side of the park there was a creek which made this area Ideal location for Native Americans to live because attracted fish and ducks and other foods such as seeds and acorns, deer and rabbits available. The Coast Miwok Indians were hunters and gatherers whose ancestors had occupied the area for thousands of years. About 600 village sites have been identified in the area. They were also considered skillful craftsmen in basketry,

The city of San Francisco proposed building a dam in Hetch Hetchy, a glacier carved valley at the time, to produce a steady water supply. The Valley was in Yosemite National Park and it was protected by the federal government. It was then up to the Congress to decide the survival of the valley. Conservationists believed that the environment should be used in a industrious manner to benefit the people, while the preservationist believed that nature should be preserved and saved from human destruction. Hundred of organizations and individuals submitted petitions to Congress about the valley. Congress eventually passed legislation that allowed the formation of the dam. This defeat helped transform the Sierra Club from a politically naive hiking club into a formidable and politically astute environmental organization (Snell

The 1967-1969 surveys of the Cedar Mesa were conducted by Assistant Professor Dee L. Green of Weber State University in conjunction with field students, and Dr. Ray T. Matheny. We only have access to the reports to the Depart of the Interior that were published by the Weber State College Department of Sociology and Anthropology in March 1969 and January 1970. From the introductions written in these two reports, we find the objective was to survey and test, as possible, in the Cedar Mesa area in order to investigate the culture and settlement patterns of San Juan County, Utah (Green 1969). The areas of concentration in 1968 were Dry Wash (canyon?), Picket Fork Peninsula and the head of Tower Canyon. In 1969 the Exhaustion Point Kiva in Fish

The Hetch Hetchy valley is the subject of one of the greatest and longest debates between conservationists and preservationists. In short, preservationists look to safe the great Hetch Hetchy valley from being dammed and flooded, and by doing that they prevent San Francisco people from getting what is rightfully theirs, the clean water and natural resources of the Hatch Hatchy valley and the Tuolumne River. Conservationists are on the other hand, they try to use the most of the Hetch Hetchy valley. Conservationists strongly support the Raker bill that allows the government of San Francisco to build the dam and provide the clean water to the city and county of San Francisco. Building the dam and flooding the Hetch Hetchy valley will destroy a part of the beautiful scenery replacing it with a lake, but it also tremendously increases the practical use of the Hetch Hetchy resources: it will provide electric power and the so much need water to the San Francisco district and will still provide the surrounding irrigating districts with the normal amount of water, it is the best project to solve San Francisco water problems considering the price and efficiency of the dam, and in addition it will also improve the popularity of the Hetch Hetchy and make it more accessible to the middle class people across the state.

Chicago is the third largest city in the United States with a population of almost 3 millions residents. A multitude of different social economic backgrounds and cultures make up the cities dense population. With a city so large and bordered by Lake Michigan the city has many a citizen to hydrate with one of the most natural needs of man, water. The city has it’s own municipal filtration purification plant, however with an annual precipitation of anywhere from 36.9 to 37.8 inches, many residents have also turned to collecting and sometimes filtering their own water NCDC: “National Climatic Data Center” NOAA 's 1981-2010 Climate Normals. How exactly is water filtered in Chicago and who and how are citizen’s who choose to collect their own water utilizing it and filtering it?

The Croton System has 12 reservoirs and three controlled lakes that are positioned in Westchester, Putnam and Duchess Counties. The newest Croton Reservoir