Development of a Polymer-Based Matrix Tablet

Separation and Purification of the Components of an Analgesic Tablet. Cora Bruno, Lab Section E. Aspirin, Caffeine and Acetaminophen were separated from four analgesic tablets of Excedrin using extraction techniques. 5% wt/vol NaHCO3, 4M HCL, ethyl acetate and deionized water were used to separate the three active components. MgSO4 was used to dry each extraction. Aspirin was isolated using a hot water bath and weighed to determine the percent theoretical recovery and the actual percent recovery of aspirin. After separation, Aspirin (ASA), Caffeine (CAF), and Acetaminophen (ACE) were purified and identified using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). Standards and purified ASA, CAF, and ACE were spotted on the silica gel (stationary phase) of the

Manufacturing theophylline formulations come with challenges for both the anhydrous and hydrate. For the anhydrous form, a study showed that the wet granulation of theophylline anhydrous in conjunction with microcrystalline cellulose, led to the formation of the monohydrate form of the drug. This is significant because the monohydrate has slower dissolution than the anhydrous form of theophylline. Thus the method of manufacture is highly important as the study showed directly compressed pellets had better dissolution profiles. Also it shows the importance of the choice of excipients as pellets manufactured via wet granulation in the absence of microcrystalline cellulose showed similar release to that of directly anhydrous theophylline.

Absorption – “How the drugs enter the circulation process through the body, and how they resist general breakdown by the stomach, liver, and the intestines”. Some of the factors that affect the absorption of drugs in the body is as follows, “acidity of the stomach, Physiochemical properties, Presence of food in the stomach or intestine, and Routes of administration”,

Medication has also become increasingly complex. There has been a massive increase in the number and variety of medications available. In addition, many medications have different routes of delivery, variable actions (long acting, short

Pharmaceuticals come in all different forms. it makes them easier for the user to consume in the way that suits them best. These different medicines come in many forms such as pills. A small pill is easy to swallow and then it takes care of the rest; this is the most common and regularly way. Chewable pills or gummies are for the ones who cannot swallow a pill.

using Aleve Liquid-gels because the naproxen sodium inside the liquid-gels may cause problems in unborn child and/or during birth. Aleve Liquid-gels should be kept out of the reach of children and should be taken with a full glass of water. Adult consumers and children over 12 can take one capsule every eight to twelve hours. Two capsules can be taken within the first hour but three capsules should not be taken within a 24 hour period. Inactive ingredients in Aleve Liquid-gels consist of FD&C blue #1, gelatin, glycerin, lactic acid, mannitol, pharmaceutical ink, polyethylene glycol, purified water, sorbitan, and sorbitol.

Pharmacokinetics "is the way a drug is absorbed, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (pg. 749 Treas)

Based on ¨Principles of Pharmacokinetics¨, ¨pharmacokinetics is the study of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion¨ (Ratain 2003). In other words, the drug's pharmacokinetics determines the duration and the intensity of the effect on the body. Absorption rate can be affected by the drug itself, such as: rate of dissolution, lipid solubility, and route (VandeWaa 2016). The absorption process starts by the route of admission, in this case oral. The oral, or by mouth, route of administration for drugs is the most common. When a pill is taken by mouth, it travels down to the stomach, were most pills dissolve. While in the stomach, some kinds of pills are absorbed into the stomach lining, but some move on to the small intestine. Every pill eventually ends up in the bloodstream and circulate through the body to tissues and organs (Howell 2017). Once passive diffusion occurs, the cells absorb the molecules of the medicine. Then, the molecules of the medicine will exit the cells and travel in the bloodstream for the distribution process.

The aim of present work was to develop and evaluate risperidone (BCS Class II drug from antipsychotic category) nanosuspension stabilized with combination of Polycaprolactone (PCL) and Pluronic® F-68 as stabilizers. Lyophilization as solidification method was accessed for its suitability with selective cryoprotectants (Trehalose dihydrate and sorbitol). Various process parameters affecting average particle size and PDI were optimized. Formulation was found to be stable at 5°C for 3 months. Cumulative drug release profile obtained shown developed nanosuspension formulation to be giving cumulative % release of ~50% in initial 10 hours whereas value for unprocessed drug was ~11% in same time frame. These findings suggest that developed

Among other approaches tried by scientists, colloidal systems like liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles etc., have shown promise but not many products have made it to the market (7). Nanoparticulate drug delivery systems are gaining much popularity in recent years. Among these, nanoparticulate drug delivery systems from biodegradable and biocompatible polymer are an interesting option for controlled drug delivery and drug targeting (8). Amongst the various drug-delivery systems, solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carrier (NLCs) are potentially attractive choices due to their natural components and easily scaled-up formulation processes. In addition, their hydrophobic core provides a suitable environment for entrapment of hydrophobic drugs (9). Among the important technological advantages of nanoparticles as drug carriers are: high stability (i.e. long shelf life), high carrier capacity (i.e. many drug molecules can be incorporated into the particle matrix), feasibility of incorporation of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances, and feasibility of variable routes of administration (10). NLCs are kind of lipid-based nanoparticles, which has the advantages of biodegradable, brain targeting, well-recognized safety profile by drastically reducing drug-related toxicities through reduction of nonspecific biodistribution (11). NLCs consist of an unstructured solid lipid

Wordell also explained that sustained release tablets have two important advantages over other drugs, one “they are effective for a longer period of time” and “two they frequently cause fewer adverse reactions.” Since sustained release tablets are designed to release the drug slowly over time, crushing or damaging the “wax matrix” may cause the patient to “receive too much of the drug too soon” and the patient “may suffer increased adverse reactions” as explained by Wordell. The expected effect of the drug may also not be met and the symptoms may reoccur before the next schedule dose Wordell further expressed. Sustained released capsule “contains beads” that releases the drugs in the same process as that of sustained release tablets. While you may be able to open a sustained release capsule and mixing the “beads” which food or juice, you must be very carefully and ensure that the beads or not popped during mixing Wordell emphasized. This will also cause the patient to receive too much of the drug at a much faster rate and this will also cause very serious adverse

Many molecules, particularly peptides and polypeptides are physically embedded in polymers to create a complex network of interconnecting pores through which the drug could subsequently diffuse. The pore structure and polymer composition is controlled in order to design systems that release the drug at nearly any rate and for nearly

Development of suitable drug delivery systems is highly important not only to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of the drug but also minimize its toxic side effects. Acyclovir is an antiviral agent and is the drug of choice for the treatment of herpes simplex virus infections, chickenpox, and shingles. Acyclovir, is currently marketed as capsules, tablets and suspension for oral administration. However, the oral absorption of acyclovir is slow, variable, and incomplete due to its poor solubility in both aqueous and lipophilic environments. As a result, the oral dosage forms of acyclovir fail to achieve desired therapeutic levels at the target sites following oral dosing. Therefore, frequent dosing or higher doses are prescribed which often cause

Theophylline can be administered orally and injected. If injected, it is 100% bioavailable. If taken orally, approximately 70% of it is metabolized by the liver. Once theophylline is in the blood stream, approximately 40% of it is attached to albumin. Theophylline can also easily pass into the

A contract manufacturing company has been analysing a tablet product by the method described in the British Pharmacopoeia (BP) monograph. This is the method detailed on the product License and BP methods are generally considered to be validated. After trend analysis for the annual Product Quality Review (PQR) report, it has been discovered that 5 batches were rejected in 2013 due to high out of specification assay results. Furthermore, several batches had assay values close to the upper specification limit. The release specification limits for the product are 95-105%.