Overview
Four theoretical approaches to cognitive development
Piaget’s theory
Information processing theories
Core knowledge theories
Sociocultural theories (Vygotsky)
General Themes
Nature and nurture
Continuity vs. discontinuity
Active vs passive child
Nurture (environment, learning)
John Locke (1632-1704) –Infant’s mind as “tabula rasa”
Behaviorism (e.g. Watson, Skinner)
Nurture (environment, learning)
'A child's mind is a blank book. During the first years of his life, much will be written on the pages. The quality of that writing will affect his life profoundly.‘
Walt Disney
Nature (biology, instinct)
Children, like plants, simply “bloom”, following
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I shall define every stage by a structure of a whole, with the possibility of its integration into succeeding stages, just as it was prepared by preceding stages.” (Piaget, 1962, p121).
Piaget
“the study of stages of intelligence is first a study of the formation of operational structures. I shall define every stage by a structure of a whole, with the possibility of its integration into succeeding stages, just as it was prepared by preceding stages.” (Piaget, 1962, p121).
Piaget’s stage theory
pre-operational
sensori-motor
formal operations
concrete operations
10-13yr
0-2 yr
2-6 yr
7-10 yr
Sensorimotor stage
Little knowledge at birth:
Some perceptual abilities
Reflexes
Basic learning mechanisms
Here, the child begins to organize sensory and motor co-ordinations
Pre-operational thought
Development in understanding symbols example
Failure to grasp logical relations (e.g. reversibility in conservation task) example
Egocentrism
Concrete & Formal Operational Stages
Concrete Operational Stage:
Reason logically about concrete objects & events, but does not reason in abstract terms Example
Formal Operational Stage:
Can reason about abstract/hypothetical situations
Example
Additional example
Summary: The Piagetian Infant
Nature & Nurture
Discontinuity
Child active not passive
construction
The field of study that examines patterns of growth, change, and stability in behavior that occur throughout the entire lifespan is called lifespan development. Lifespan development takes a scientific approach in its study of growth, change, and stability. This development emphases on human development. Developmentalists study the course of development in nonhuman species, the most popular examine growth and change in people. In contrast I will focus on the ways people and myself change and grow during our lives, with the consideration of stability in our live span. Together, these findings suggest that we will go through
Why it is difficult for researchers to isolate specific causes of child behaviour - using two of your own examples. How is the term “correlation” a solution to this problem?
Piaget’s theory was introduced by Jean Piaget who established four periods of cognitive development. The four stages are; Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, and Formal operational. The sensorimotor is the first stage and begins when the child is born and proceeds until the age of two years. The second stage is the preoperational stage and begins with the child is two years old and continues until the child reaches six years of age. The concrete stage is the third stage and begins when the child is six years old and proceeds until the age of 11 years old. The formal operational stage is the fourth stage and
As Bernstein (2010) points out, often times people with ADHD “zone out” and miss valuable parts of conversations. This results in them bouncing back, often with a quick lie in order to continue the flow of conversation. These lies occur so quickly in order to fill voids of conversation, and so often, that they can sadly become a habit.
Psychology is diverse, and there are many diverse specialty areas available to individuals seeking a career in the field of psychology. Most Psychologists choose to specialize in subfields that focus on specific subjects. Obtaining a profession in any of the specialty areas would require graduate study in that area of interest. Some professionals have a broad general knowledge, are skilled in several areas, and work with a range of clients. Some are specialist in treating a specific type of psychological disorder, or work with a specific age group. For those interested in specializing in a psychology career, developmental Psychology is one of the many fields available.
As children get older egocentric thinking will begin to dominate in a non-logical and non-reversible way, and this will give a more developed imagination and will improve memory. The child grows into adolescents and the operational stage of cognitive development with the use of symbols and abstract concepts grows and shows more
CYPOP1-3.1 – Explain the benefits of the key worker, person system in early years settings
At the centre of Piaget's theory is the principle that cognitive development occurs in a series of four distinct, universal stages, each characterized by increasingly sophisticated and
The fourth stage of Piaget’s Cognitive Stages of Development is the Formal operational stage. This stage is normally reached at age 11. These children are usually able to logically use symbols related to abstract concepts, such as algebra and science. These children can think about multiple variables in systemic ways, form hypotheses, and consider possibilities. Although Piaget believed in lifelong intellectual development, he insisted that the formal operational stage is the final stage of cognitive development, and that continued intellectual development in adults depends on the accumulation of knowledge (Shroff, 2015).
The cognitive approach to development psychology; developed by Jean Piaget in 1934, deals with nature of knowledge, and how human intelligence is developed and utilized (Piaget, 1983, p. 46). In this theory, Piaget asserts that reality, which is defined in two conditions that explains change brought about by dynamic systems, involves states and transformations. Transformation refers to all kinds of changes a living organism undergoes and state is the condition in which the living organism can be found between the transformers. He further argues that humans should have functions to represent reality and the transformational process if their intelligence is to be adaptive.
During this time the explorations are being done and they are basing their possibilities on them. When this is discouraged it causes confusion of themselves and their role in society.
In the early 20th century many theories were put forward to help explain why and how children develop. A theorist who played a
There are multiple factors in a child’s development. Parents have a responsibility, as well as a privilege, to contribute to every milestone. Most parents stress over physical and mental stages so much so that play-time is ignored. By making decisions that sacrifice play parents hinder their social development. Parents must take action and encourage their youth to play more, before childhood is lost forever.
Children in this stage do not yet understand concrete logic and cannot mentally manipulate information.
Jean Piaget, a cognitivist, believed children progressed through a series of four key stages of cognitive development. These four major stages, sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational, are marked by shifts in how people understand the world. Although the stages correspond with an approximate age, Piaget’s stages are flexible in that if the child is ready they can reach a stage. Jean Piaget developed the Piagetian cognitive development theory. Piaget’s theory of cognitive development proposes that a child’s intellect, or cognitive ability, progresses through four distinct stages. The emergence of new abilities and ways of processing information characterize each stage. Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development suggests that children move through four different stages of mental development. His theory focuses not only on understanding how children acquire knowledge, but also on understanding the nature of intelligence.