Diabetes Case Study

In vitro: In lymphocytes, Cladribine caused accumulation of DNA strand breaks, subsequently activating the tumor suppressor p53. In MM1.S, RPMI8226 and U266 cells, Cladribine dose-dependently inhibited cell proliferation and survival [1].

Diabetes is a growing concern and health challenge for the American people (b). Diabetes is a condition in which the body cannot react to insulin appropriately or either cannot produce insulin efficiently (w). “Without a properly functioning insulin signaling system, blood glucose levels become elevated and other metabolic abnormalities occur, leading to the development of serious, disabling complications” (w). There are numerous forms of diabetes amongst the nation, however, there are three main forms of diabetes. Most people have heard of type one diabetes, type two diabetes, and gestational diabetes because they are common. Type two diabetes deals with a resistance to insulin, while

Cancer is a disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells. The DNA sequence in cells can be changed as a result of copying errors during replication. If these changes whatever their cause are left uncorrected, both growing and non-growing somatic cells might gain many mutations that they could no longer function. The relevance of DNA damage and repair to the generation of cancer was obvious when it was recognized that everything that causes cancer also cause a change in the DNA sequence. Tumor suppressor genes are protective genes and normally they limit cell growth by monitoring the speed of cell division, repair mismatched DNA and control when a cell dies. When a tumor suppressor gene is mutated cells grow

Esophageal carcinoma, the eighth most common cancer in the world, includes squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma (Sun, Lin, Chen, Liang, &Hsieh, 2015; American Cancer Society, 2015). Squamous cell carcinoma is simply damaged esophageal cells; however, adenocarcinoma occurs when glandular cells replace squamous cells in the esophagus (American Cancer Society, 2015). While squamous cell carcinoma was once the most common form of esophageal carcinoma in the United States, adenocarcinoma has taken its place with speculation placed towards the increase of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) (Baldwin, 2015). These two manifestations of cancer account for approximately 90% of diagnosed esophageal cancers, while the remaining 10% of esophageal

The chemical basis of the nitrite test is the ability of certain bacteria to reduce nitrate, a normal constituent of urine, to nitrite, which does not normally appear in the urine. Nitrite is detected by the reaction, in which nitrite at an acidic PH reacts with an aromatic amine (para-arsanilic acid or sulfanilamide) to form a diazonium compound that then reacts with tetrahydrobenzoquinolin compounds to produce a pink colored azodye. (Susan King Strasinger,

Diabetes Overview - While modern lifestyles and medical care have certainly improved the longevity of humans in the developed world, and contributed to a greater quality of life scenario, those same lifestyles have engendered a number of issues that contribute to disease. Lack of proper diet, fast food, high fat and carbohydrate diets without adequate fruits and vegetables, lack of exercise, smoking and alcohol contribute to an epidemic of obesity which, in turn, contributes to a serious metabolic disorder called Diabetes Mellitus Type 2. While not managed by insulin injections, it is nevertheless quite serious and has a number of progressing symptoms that, if not treated properly, can result in cardiovascular, renal and neurological problems, as well as amputation, ocular issues, and even cognitive dysfunction.

Integrated motif activity response analysis (ISMARA) - a bioinformatic tool to predict altered transcription factor activity - predicted the E2f family as upregulated in ENT1-/- AF tissue. E2f transcription factors are associated with cell cycle progression from G1 to S phase.14 Indeed, the expression of numerous E2f transcription factors was significantly upregulated in ENT1-/- AF tissue. We will further investigate the role of E2f factors in ENT1-/- AF tissues using a combination of RT-qPCR, immunohistochemistry and western blotting to examine tissue specific changes in the IVD and their association with markers of cell proliferation (i.e. Ki-67, PCNA). Further, we will use established protocols for AF cell isolation and culture to assess whether changes observed in vivo are recapitulated in vitro. Additionally, shRNA knockdown in WT AF cells will be used to identify specific E2f members responsible for increased cell proliferation, and genes downstream of altered E2f

As discussed, galectin-8 is has different functions such as cell growth and apoptosis. When galectin-8 interacts with different integrins, high affinity interactions are formed. When galectin-8 is soluble, it inhibits the cell cycle and prompts the arrest of cell growth [6]. This is caused by a 4-5-fold increase in p21, which is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor [6]. An increase in c-Junc-n-terminal kinases (JNK) and protein kinase B (PKB) activities cause an increase in the levels of p21. When galectin-8 cDNA is transfected into cells of human lung carcinoma, the inhibition of colon formation is noticed; this suggests that when galectin-8 is overexpressed, it may inhibit cell growth [6]. An experiment was done to examine the effects of galectin-8. There were multiple procedures that took place in this experiment; the generation of antibodies against galectin-8, the creation of cell cultures with human carcinoma cells, generation of GFP-galectin-8, generation of GHO cells overexpressing a mutant form of SEK1, the preparation of cell extracts, the binding of galectin-8 to Lactosyl-Agarose beads, Thymidine incorporation, apoptosis, PCR, and a Northern Blot Analysis.

There is growing number of medications to treat diabetes, especially type 2 diabetes. Each medication alters the main dysfunction of diabetes, hyperglycemia through various routes. Much like hypertension, diabetes is a multifactorial disease with multiple system dysfunctions. These dysfunctions result in the altered metabolism of glucose, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Medications used to treat these dysfunctions works on

The American Cancer Society estimates that over 100,000 men and women living in the United States will be diagnosed with colon cancer in 2013. Statistically, cancers of the colon and rectum are often combined and referred to as colorectal cancer. This addition brings the total to over 140,000 affected individuals with over 50,000 of these diagnoses resulting in death (American cancer society, 2013). Globally, the impact of this disease reached over one million people in 2008 with over 600,000 deaths attributed to colorectal cancer (Dusek, Maluskova, & Musik, 2013).

Micronucleus test is considered as one of the main cytogenetic parameters, which record partial or whole chromosome breakage during mitosis [17]. Therefore, the efficacy of 5-ALA/PDT to induce DNA damage, and release chromatin during mitosis, was detected by MN test. When MCF-7 and HepG2 cell lines were treated with 5-ALA/PDT at 633nm, the ratio of micronuclei was increased significantly in comparison to non-treated groups. Some research studies demonstrated that not all sensitizers have the ability to induce DNA damage or even cause cytotoxicity when applied with laser irradiation, such studies include the observations of Zenzen and Zankl [23] who demonstrated that h-ALA/PDT did not induce significant chromosome aberrations or micronuclei neither in tumor cell line RPMI 2650 nor fibroblast cell line WS1, however, it caused cytotoxicity to RPMI 2650 tumor cell line. Also, the results of Horinouchi and Arimoto-Kobayashi [27] found that 5-ALA/PDT did not induce photogenotoxicity in keratinocyte NCTC2544 cells as evaluated by MN test, but PpIX disodium salt-induced genotoxicity after exposing the cells to 5-ALA/PDT with UV irradiation of 5J/cm2

Dr. Pogribny’s career began in the former Soviet Union, where he received his basic education, followed by M.D. and Ph.D. degrees. His major area of interest was the study of biochemical and molecular mechanisms that led to cancer cell transformation. Since 1992, Dr. Pogribny has continued his research in the United States, and has focused on the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis. During 30-year research career, Dr. Pogribny has continued to publish the results of his research in peer-reviewed journals and to present his work at national and international scientific meetings. His productivity is demonstrated by a total of 329 publications and presentations. He is the corresponding author of 35 of the manuscripts. His articles have been cited more than 10,500 times with the h-index of 58 according to the Google Scholar website.

There is always a new treatment for colorectal cancer because it can be deadly cancer. The development of CRC is associated with chronic inflammation that is seen in the bowel disease [Morris 2015]. Many different studies have shown that human CRC tumors are more expressed in G-CSF receptors. G-CSF is a type of growth factor that stimulates the human CRC cell growth as well as migration. This study is used to examine the therapeutic potential of anti-G-CSF treatment. G-CSF has no impact on different immune cell because immune cells were not examined well in these treatments. When examining the human CRC 88% had expressed an increase in G0CDF and G-CSRF compared to normal tissues, a further examination was examined to examine the

Dr Angeline Yek En Hui is a senior lecturer and cancer researcher at Newcastle University. Most of her publications in well-known journals such as Nature and Journal of Cancer are mainly centring the targeting therapies studies for cancers, mostly ovarian cancer and cervical cancer. Aiming to innovate new treatments for various cancers, she raised a team of 50 dedicated and responsible researchers and postgraduate students. In recent years, by the deep realizing and understanding about the involvement of BCL-2 family as an anti-apoptotic protein in the intrinsic apoptosis pathway which leads to cancer, her team start to focus particularly in investigating the effect of downregulating the BCL-2 which might

In Chapter 4, I aimed to elucidate the effect of A83-01 by targeting TGF-R signalling, given that TGF-β is a pleiotropic cytokine with multifunctional roles in cells (Massague, 2012). Based on RNA seq gene expression profiling of A83-01-treated and control eMSC, this study has provided vast information on the role of the numerous signalling pathways and their crosstalk. By comparing the profile I obtained from A83-01 treated and untreated eMSCs with a gene signature generated from freshly isolated eMSCs and fibroblast profile of cultured eMSCs with that from Barragan et al verified a common gene signature of fibroblasts (Barragan et al., 2016), confirming the rescue of eMSCs spontaneous differentiation in cultures by A83-01. Many genes