Diabetes Case Study

This means when blood glucose levels rise above the optimum level, the organ’s cells can’t absorb the glucose into the cells, and the liver can’t convert it into glycogen to store, like it usually would if insulin were present. (5) Type 2 diabetes is when the body doesn’t recognize the insulin and therefore cannot spread the glucose out of the blood to the rest of the body’s organs. As a result of the high levels of glucose, the pancreas (The Detector) detects this and as a result produces more insulin to help it spread through the body and lower the blood glucose levels. This keeps happening and is an example of a negative feedback system until the it eventually shuts down and no longer is produced. Both types of diabetes cause a disruption in the homeostatic process

Mediterranean diet, a low-carbohydrate, high protein diet, a vegan diet and a vegetarian diet all of which to have shown to improve metabolic conditions. The degree of the improvement varies from patient to patient therefore, it is necessary to evaluate each patient based on their only needs and individual metabolic demands. It is recommended that patients with pre-diabetes be made aware of beneficial nutrition intervention. Knowing what diet is best for the patient can significantly help with the risks of developing diabetes type 2. Medical nutrition therapy plays a role at three levels, primary prevention, secondary and tertiary prevention. For the purpose of this paper primary prevention is observed to help aim in delaying or arresting the development of diabetes. Different types of diet have been shown to be associated with improvement in metabolic condition. Modest weight loss has been shown to improve insulin resistance so either a low carbohydrate, low-fat calorie-resistance, or Mediterranean diet may be effective in the short term (Khazrai et al.,

The most significant difference between the regular insulin and the rapid acting insulin is the onset. The onset for rapid-acting or lispro is 10-15 minutes, and for the regular it is ½-1 hour.

HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS: This is a 53-year-old black individual a patient of Dr. Shelton, who has had diabetes for at least six months, but he thinks it has been longer than that. He says his last known blood sugar was in the 300’s. He presents in the ER today with a foot ulcer since January of this year. He

After we eat, our bodies release insulin, a hormone that offsets an increase in blood glucose by increasing the intake of glucose by cells. When people have consumed little to no nutrients for several hours, our bodies secrete glucagon. Glucagon helps maintain the homeostasis of glucose by stimulating the breakdown of storage glycogen and the secretion of glucose to the blood and rest of the body.

Diabetes one, and two revolve around the hormone insulin. Insulin is produced by the pancreas and its job is to help the cells in the body absorb glucose from the blood. Once the glucose is absorbed it signals beta cells from the pancreas to secrete insulin. Insulin enables glucose to enter cells of the liver and muscle. After the glucose has entered the cells, hormones that include insulin, decided if the glucose will be used as energy, or stored as glycogen for the future. The stored glycogen is important because if you haven’t eaten and your blood sugar is low, the body can take from the stored glycogen and use it as a source of energy.

Carbohydrates tend to be put into a negative light; there are many diets out there called “no-carb or low-carb” but are these doing our bodies any good? When many hear the word carbs they tend to jump straight to bread, pastas, and cookies. However, this is not true many fruits, vegetables, nuts, and grains are carbohydrates as well. According to “Fear no Carbs” an article published in 2014 found that participants of low-carb diets had a “30% higher risk of death from all causes in the long run.”

Variations of blood glucose was observed against different treatments within the two different diet groups. The blood glucose measured with saline showed that the rat on the leaner diet had a higher spike of blood glucose levels after the initial injection. Over time the glucose levels equalize until the time point of an hour when it suddenly drops. After this point the blood glucose levels climb back to their equalized state. The rat on the higher fat diet experienced a higher initial blood glucose level after the injection of saline and then fell until the hour mark where it peaked only to fall to its equalized position at the two hour mark (figure).

Being educated in what you consume is the most important key to a healthy lifestyle. Sometimes the Nutrition Labels in some foods can be misguiding and natural or healthy carbs can be replaced with ingredients that could be far worse for your health. Both articles brought a lot insight in the low-carb diet and how there could

Patients with type 1 diabetes are believed to have acquired it through genetic disposition or an autoimmune abnormality caused by an environmental trigger. Essentially, the body’s pancreatic beta cells are destroyed, which in turn, inhibits the pancreas from either producing or secreting insulin. This caused a disarraying effect to all body systems. The cause of type 2 diabetes is said to be from an “imbalance between insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion” (Ralph A. DeFronzo). The pancreas is not producing adequate levels of insulin, seizing production of insulin or the insulin that is produced isn’t being used well (Kullman, 2006, p.146). This is an issue because sugar stays sedentary in the

To gain weight an individual must increase his input even without changing his expenditures, but to lose weight, the individual must not only adjust his intake but must increase physical activity to further increase his demand for energy to give the body no opportunity to store but more demands to activate and mobilize stores. Decreasing intake does not necessarily end with weight loss but adding

This experiment observes the effects of insulin and glucagon on the relative blood glucose levels in the mesenteric artery, hepatic portal vein, and hepatic vein by times of fasting and postprandial. Blood Glucose is the amounts of sugar, or glucose within the blood system. This is important because body’s cells need glucose to create energy or ATP. Normal blood glucose levels range from 70-120mg/dl. Postprandial levels would range between 130-150mg/dl and fasting levels would be 50-60mg/dl. Insulin is stimulated by high blood glucose levels, once stimulated it works to transport excess glucose into the liver or other parts of the body, typically being muscle and fat tissue. This is known as glycogenesis, the synthesis of glucose into glycogen to be used for later energy production. Glucagon is stimulated by low blood glucose levels, once it is stimulated it can go through glycogenolysis which will convert the glycogen back into glucose to help level out the blood glucose levels. Gluconeogenesis is performed when there is no more glycogen to create glucose or any other carbohydrates. Therefore the body must create glucose

By restricting your carbohydrates in your diet, you can keep insulin levels down which should result in more fat mobilization and fat loss. While this appears to make sense, there are many problems with this model like the fact that carbohydrates are not the only nutrient that can spike insulin. Plus, even if you can keep insulin down it is not required for fat storage because of a hormone called Acylation Stimulating Protein (ASP) [Mediators Inflamm. 2013]. This shows that not a single hormone like insulin will drive fat gain but more likely a caloric surplus. Moreover, the Carbohydrate-Insulin model has “been experimentally falsified suggesting that the model is too simplistic” [Eur J Clin Nutr.

During HS, the utilization of carbohydrates (i.e. glucose) as an energy source is altered (Streffer, 1988), and this has been demonstrated by our lab in pigs (Pearce et al., 2013) and cattle (Wheelock et al., 2010). Acute HS was originally thought to be responsible for reduced worker productivity in summer months (Baumgard and Rhoads, 2013), and was first reported to cause hypoglycemia in cats (Lee and Scott, 1916). In addition, athletes exercising during times of HS have increased hepatic glucose output and glucose oxidation at the expense of lipids (Fink et al., 1975; Febbraio, 2001). Moreover, exogenous glucose is unable to blunt the formation of hepatic glucose (Angus et al., 2001) likely due to increased glycogenolysis (Febbraio, 2001), and gluconeogenesis (Collins et al., 1980). A proposed mechanism for the enhanced hepatic glucose output is increased pyruvate carboxylase expression (a rate limiting enzyme that controls lactate and alanine entry into the gluconeogenic pathway) during times of HS (O’Brien et al., 2008; White et al., 2009) likely resulting from increased plasma lactate (presumably due to an increase in muscle lactate production). This indicates that peripheral tissues increase aerobic glycolysis, and thus resembles the Warburg effect (used in cancer cells) where aerobic glycolysis in skeletal muscle is accelerated and lipolysis is reduced (Baumgard and Rhoads, 2013).

As your insulin levels go down, the fat stores you’ve accumulated will start releasing and you will begin burning fat much quicker. To understand more about the low carb way of eating, you should check out books from Waterstones.