Diabetes Is A Major Global Health Crisis

The environment therefore plays a significant role in T2D etiology and efforts to control its prevalence tend to focus on lifestyle changes (Yates, Jarvis, Troughton, and JaneDavies, 2009, p. 1-2). For example, improved diet and exercise programs have been shown to reduce the risk of disease by 50% to 90%. Since the environment plays a dominant role in determining disease prevalence, other factors such as cultural differences, socioeconomic status, and educational achievement would also tend to influence diabetes incidence. This essay will review the contributing factors that determine the prevalence of T2D in the American Indian population, a demographic with shockingly high rates.

Diabetes is rapidly emerging as a major health care problem in India, especially in urban areas. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes has been steadily

Studies indicate that 13 million people have access to medication, but the remaining 5.2 million remains undiagnosed (Hynes 2). High levels of type 2 diabetes mellitus have been reported in children and adolescents among many geographical regions of the world. Hillier and Pedula projected that by 2020, type 2 diabetes mellitus will exceed the prevalence of type 1 diabetes mellitus in the United States (1). Between 1967 and 1998, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus doubled among the Pima Indian youths (Pavkov et al. 1).

Diabetes is a chronic, non-communicable disease characterized by high blood glucose levels (World Health Organisation (WHO), 2016). Type 2 Diabetes is where cells are insulin resistant (WHO, 2016). Genetic factors and age influence risk of diabetes, but behavioural risk factors like obesity, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, smoking increases risk of type 2 diabetes (WHO, 2010). Diabetes lead to other health issues, like cardiovascular diseases (CVD), blindness, kidney failure, and foot ulcers, which may require limb amputation, and premature mortality(Ministry Of Health (MOH), 2012).

Prevalence of type 2 diabetes is on the rise globally, currently affecting about 366 million individual worldwide (3). One fifth of the world’s population is the South Asian community, which shockingly has the highest prevalence of type 2 diabetes, globally. (1,4). “Type 2 diabetes is group of metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both” (Hunter, 1999, pg.#). Type 2 diabetes is also known as Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus, which is a non-communicable disease (*). This disease is often asymptomatic, showing no signs of symptoms in its victims in the early stages and could result in being undiagnosed for numerous years (Deepa, 2007 (5)). The number of south

Type 2diabetes is one of the massive health problem through out the world.Mostly people with low income groups are affected in developed countries (Zimmet, Alberti & Shaw 2001).An interesting study by AusDiab in 2000 revealed that 7.4% of the population aged 25 or over had diabetes (type 2 in 90%) Since 1981, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes has increased to twice in and the total number of cases has increased threefold in Australia (Dunstan et al. 2002). Although type 2diabetes is affecting all races, it was identified highly in south Asians and also world’s one-third diabetic population is from Indian continent (eds Ekoe, Rewers, Williams & Zimmer 2008). Type 2 diabetes mellitus is becoming more common than type I diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is a long-term condition, it is reaching extensive levels in Scotland more than anywhere else in Britain. (Lawton et al, 2006) People who are diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes are often advised a number of ways to help them to control their condition. D’Costa et al (1991) states that diabetes is ‘at least four times more common in South Asians resident in Britain than in general population’ cited in (The Open University, 2014, p.5).

It is reported that nearly 25 million Americans (11.3 percent of adults) have Type II Diabetes now and the number is continuously rising (Fuhrman, 2012, pg.8). This disease is an important and escalating problem worldwide. Generally, Diabetes Mellitus is defined simply as a disease in which the body cannot process and use sugar correctly. As a result, sugar builds in the blood stream causing immediate symptoms of fever, increased thirst and urination, fatigue and if left untreated eventually coma and death. Overall, Type II Diabetes is a harsh disease with deadly consequences; however experts indicate that it can be prevented. When looking at the numerous complications involved with it, the difficulty of treatment, and the many ways it costs society, it is also easy to see why it should be prevented.

Diabetes mellitus occurs throughout the world, but is more common in the more developed countries. Because of changing life styles and increased urbanization, incidence of diabetes in developing countries is also on the rise. According to World Health Organization, more than 150 million people wide, in the year 2004. But due to its growing incidences, it is thought that by the year 2025 this number will double. Asia and Africa are the most commonly affected areas. Diabetes is considered as a big killer and is among the top 5, of the most significant diseases in the developed world. In 2005 there are about 20.8 million people with diabetes in the United States alone. While an estimated 14.6 million have been diagnosed with diabetes, unfortunately 6.2 million people were unaware that they have the disease (Diabetes). Because the incidence of diabetes increases with age, only 0.2 percent of children are affected by the disease while eight to ten percent of the elderly are affected. Also, diabetes is more common in non-vegetarians than vegetarians. In a vegetarian diet, fruits and vegetables may contribute to a decreased incidence of type 2 diabetes through their low energy density, low glycemic load, and high fiber and macronutrient content. Other features of the vegetarian diet are whole grains and legumes which have been shown to improve glycemic control, slow the rate of carbohydrate absorption and the risk of diabetes (Diabetes).

“The World Health Organization WHO has issued a call to action on diabetes, drawing attention to the need to step up prevention and treatment of the disease. According to the WHO’s first Global report on diabetes, people living with diabetes has quadrupled since 1980 and there were 1.5 million deaths in 2012 from diabetes” (WHO, 2016). The rise has been attributed to the increase in obesity and unhealthy diet. Diabetes affects globally and has increased exponentially. This paper will deal with the epidemiological aspect of diabetes within this community.

Diabetes is a chronic disease that has continuously had a public health impact for decades. Its public health impact is so profound that the World Health Organization named it as one of the top four priority non-communicable diseases around the world (WHO, 2016). Diabetes is characterized by abnormally high levels of glucose in the blood, caused by an inability of the body to either produce or properly use insulin (Albright et. al, 2012). Its two types, type one and type two, have been steadily increasing around the world, forming the diabetes epidemic we have today. The rate of diagnosis is projected to almost double in the next 20 years from 382 million diagnoses worldwide in 2013 to 592 million in 2035 (Abdel-Hady et al.,

The main factors contributing to diabetes is obesity, there also other pre-diabetic risk factors such as ethnicity, poverty, and age. Obesity has become a major factor also known as an increased BMI (body mass index). The world Health Organisation has mentioned that by 2015, 2.3 billion people will be obese. In UK alone the rates have doubled in the past years. Different ethnic minorities have higher prevalence in diabetes, figures have shown ethnicities such as African, Caribbean, and Pakistani origins are more obese in comparison to Bangladeshi and Chinese.

Diabetes is a costly disease for the sector of the health care, at personal and at societal level. The diabetes care cost is very expensive. Once people develop diabetes, in developing countries such as India are not able to provide effective care to control it and prevent its complications leading to premature deaths. The cost of care is increases many folds when complications occur or when hospital admission, surgery or insulin treatment is necessary. Due to the high economic burden on the patients, and families, people tend to avoid health care leading to severe morbidities and early mortality. The study shows that the annual median expenditure by patients on diabetes care is Rs. 10,000 in urban and Rs. 6,300 in rural areas in India. The 25-35% spends by low-income group of their annual income on diabetes management (R Ambady, 2013, p. 2). The Indian people lack the financial resources to follow the kind of diet needed to keep their diabetes in check. There is no any comprehensive health care programme in India. People take medical care from different health care providers. The experts need to advocate for more affordable food, better access to medications and supplies, and more community services to assist lower-income people to prevent and treat diabetes. In addition, The Indian government has build up a vast infrastructure of rural health services based on primary health centres

Diabetes is increasing rapidly throughout the world. There are approximately 415 million with diabetes around the world (International diabetes federation (IDF), 2015). Among them 78 million people are residing in the South East Asia (SEA); these numbers are expected to be 1403 million by 2040. More than 90% of the cases are type 2 diabetes. SEA includes countries like Nepal, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Bhutan and Maldives (IDF, 2015; Ramachandran, Snehalatha & Ma, 2014). The total population of Nepal ranging from 20-79 years of age is 15.75 million and the prevalence of diabetes among these populations is 526,000. In addition, number of death in adults with diabetes are 11,700 and undiagnosed diabetes in adults are 323,700 (IDF, 2015).

Diabetes mellitus is a common diseases in the world and Canada is diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Mellitus has been starting to grow all over the world. It is anticipated that the incidence of this disease will be increased dramatically in the next decade. The main reasons of this event are obesity, increasing the population mean age and reducing physical activities especially in industrialized countries. CCDSS has reported that in adult people who are over 20 years old, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus rate was 8.7% (95% CI: 8.72-8.74%), indicating one diabetic patient in 11 healthy Canadians A , B[3, 14].