Diabetes Mellitus : A Group Of Metabolic Diseases Characterized By Hyperglycemia Resulting From Defects

The body tends to deal with this imbalance by filtering out excess glucose throughout the kidneys, resulting in high levels of sugar in the urine. As glucose level rises the kidneys over-whelmed and don’t function normally. They lose their ability to absorb much water the result is frequent urination. This is commonly the earliest sign of diabetes. It is often followed by unquenchable thirst as the body tries to regain the lost fluids. It often seems that more fluid comes out than went in.

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) or Type 2 Diabetes is seen as a metabolic disease that is categorized by abnormally high blood glucose or hyperglycemia. Diabetes Mellitus is also formerly known as noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and is the most common form of diabetes that is seen. Insulin is a hormone that is supplied to the body that allows us to efficiently use glucose as fuel. When carbohydrates are broken down into sugars in the stomach glucose enters the blood circulation simulating the pancreas to release insulin in an appropriate amount to become used for energy. With diabetes mellitus the body does not properly make use of the insulin supplied for the body. This causes the pancreas to produced an extra amount if insulin which the body cannot keep up with, causing an imbalance to the blood glucose levels (American Diabetes Association, 2015). In the united states diabetes affects almost 29.1 million people, while the another 86 million people have pre-diabetes but do not know. It is also known as the 7th leading cause of death in the country in the recent years (MedicineNet.com, 2016). For a patient suffering from a chronic form of diabetes mellitus understanding how these mechanisms lead to the condition can be used as preventative measures. Potential consequences as well as the causes and clinical manifestations will ensure a better knowledge on the issue to monitor the condition.

There are many types of diabetes. The two I will be discussing are type 1 and type 2. Type 1 generally affects young people and requires treatment with insulin. Five to ten percent of Americans with diabetes have this type. People with type 1 diabetes do not produce insulin and need regular shots of it to keep their blood glucose levels normal. People who are at risk for type 1 are those who have a family history of the disease,

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a condition in the body that is related to a faulty metabolism. It means that the body’s metabolism is not functioning properly, which leads to adverse effects in the health. The food we ingest, gets broken down into blood sugar (glucose), which is what fuels our body in the form of energy. This converted glucose needs to enter our cells so that it can be used for energy and growth. And in order for the glucose to enter our cells, there needs to be insulin present, which the beta cells of the pancreas is responsible for producing. This hormone is responsible for maintaining glucose level in the blood. It allows the body cells to use glucose as a main

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that involves the changes of blood glucose level in body systems. This disease usually inherited from generation to generation and sometimes it is due to lack of insulin produced by the pancreas. As the insulin produced is decreased, the blood glucose level will increase thus distressing the metabolism and damaging the body’s systems especially the blood vessels in kidneys, hearts, eyes and nervous systems (Nagappa et al., 2003).This disease have three different subtypes, type I (insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, IDDM), type II (non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, NIDDM) and gestational diabetes mellitus.

The body must keep a healthy blood glucose level so that there is a continuous supply of energy to the cells. If the blood sugar levels fall too low (hypoglycaemia) it can cause harmful complications such as fatigue and even loss of consciousness. If blood sugar levels raise too high (hyperglycaemia) it can lead to many difficulties such as cardiovascular disease, nerve damage and kidney damage (S Preet, 2013). This is why is important for the body to regulate its glucose levels. It does this by the pancreatic islets detecting a change in blood glucose levels, they then release the hormone insulin into the blood stream. Muscle cells are prompted by the insulin, to absorb glucose. The way insulin does this is by binding itself to receptors on the cell membrane, thuds increasing the amount of transporters and allowing more glucose to be transported into the cells. If glucose levels fall then another hormone is released by the pancreas called glucagon. Glucagon allows stored glucose (glycogen) to be released from the liver into the blood stream and raises blood glucose levels (Amis, 2011). This process of keeping blood glucose levels constant is an example of ‘homoeostatic control’ where the rise and fall of glucose levels allows each different hormone to be used in a constant

Type 2 diabetes also tends to worsen over time, meaning diabetics of this type might end up having to take insulin as they age. While type 2 diabetes may be the most common, it can also be controlled with changes to the average lifestyle ("What is Diabetes").

Luckily, there are treatments out in the medical industry that can help manage the lack of insulin.  Patients with Type 1 diabetes will be given either insulin injections or oral medications to help control the amount of insulin being produced within the pancreas.  The procedure to helping glucose levels stay balanced is a whole different story for people diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes.  Doctors recommend for these patients to change their diet, start exercising, and take the prescribed pills to keep levels homeostatic (Rosen, 2006) (Congcong, 2012).  With every positive outlook must come with negative effects that can make the situation even worse if not treated

Diabetes is a heterogeneous group of metabolic diseases characterised by high levels of blood glucose (hyperglycaemia) due to defects in the β cell function in the pancreas which is impacting the insulin secretion or insulin action, resulting in the inability to self-regulate the levels of blood glucose in the body (Stumvoll et al.,2005). Short term symptoms of hyperglycaemia include: polyuria , polydipsia, blurred vision, however the chronic effects of hyperglycaemia are associated with long term organ dysfunction and damage, especially the blood vessels, retina in the eye, kidneys and heart (Uazman et al., 2014). Diabetes has become a world-wide concern due to its high prevalence in the world (in 2015, 415 million of people were estimated

According to The American Diabetes Association, “Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes is associated with long-term damage, dysfunction, and failure of various organs, especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels” (p.1).

"Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a disorder of the endocrine system"(Ciccone, 2016), which caused an increase in blood glucose. In the United States, there are approximately 24 million people diagnosed with DM. (Ciccone, 2016). Diabetes is also considered as a global health problem that seems to increase every day. It is estimated that people diagnosed with DM will increase up to 366 million in the year 2030 (Ali et al., 2015). DM causes a serious problem and is known to be the primary cause of blindness in the adults. Also, it is said that a significant number of patients who were diagnosed with diabetes will suffer from an end-stage renal disease (Ciccone, 2016). According to Mishra, Swaroop and Kandpa (2016), complications of diabetes are seen gradually, especially if the glucose level is not controlled (p. 55). Also, Li, Zheng, Buruku and De Kimpe (2004), explains that people with diabetes has difficulty or not able to produce insulin that controls the blood glucose.

Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic illness that requires the individual to manage, support, and educate themselves of their illness in order to prevent any further complications. It is disease that is caused by the impairment of insulin secretion and also caused by insulin resistance and insulin deficiency. Insulin is the hormone used to control and maintain homeostasis over the amount of glucose in our blood stream. If not much insulin is secreted it can lead to hyperglycemia, which is an abnormal increase of glucose in the body. Early symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus are related to hyperglycemia and include, but not limited to, polyuria (excessive urination), polydipsia (excessive thirst), weight loss, sometimes with polyphagia (excessive hunger), and blurred vision. This may also lead to pre-diabetes, which is when ‘“glucose levels are higher than normal, but not high enough for a diagnosis of diabetes”’ (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014).

There are two major types of diabetes and each type has different causes and risk factors.

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a serious, chronic disease which affects one out of every eleven people in the United States. Diabetes Mellitus, also known as Diabetes, is a complex endocrine disease dealing with excessive glucose in the blood. The disease process lies within the body’s metabolic state in which the body metabolizes carbohydrates, proteins, and fats leading to either defective insulin production or insufficient amounts of insulin. Diabetes has several pathogeneses, signs and symptoms, risk factors, complications, treatment goals and teaching practices. In this paper, I will discuss the complex nature of Diabetes and its effects on the human body.

Diabetes is a systemic disease caused by a decrease in the secretion of insulin or reduced sensitivity or responsiveness to insulin by target tissue. (Beale, et al., 2011) The incidence of diabetes is growing rapidly in the United States and worldwide. An estimated 347 million people around the world are afflicted with diabetes. (Whalen, et al., 2012) According to World Health Organization (WHO), Diabetes prevalence among adults over 18 years of age has risen from 4.7% in 1980 to 8.5% in 2014. It is the major cause of blindness, kidney failure, heart attack, stroke and limbic amputation. World Health Organization (WHO) projects that diabetes will be the 7th leading cause of death in 2030. It is a complex and costly disease that can affect nearly every organ in the body and result in devastating consequences. The leading cause of non-traumatic lower extremity amputations, renal failure, and blindness in working-age adults, diabetes is also a major cause of premature mortality, stroke, cardiovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, congenital malformations, perinatal mortality, and disability. (Cefalu, 2000) Insulin therapy and oral hypoglycemic agents have demonstrated improvement in glycaemic control. However, Insulin therapy has some disadvantages such as ineffectiveness following oral administration, short shelf life, of the need for constant refrigeration, and fatal hypoglycaemia, in the event of excess dosage.