Diabetes Mellitus And The Long Term Complications

Diabetes is a disease where the body is unable to produce or use insulin effectively. Insulin is needed for proper storage and use of carbohydrates. Without it, blood sugar levels can become too high or too low, resulting in a diabetic emergency. It affects about 7.8% of the population. The incidence of diabetes is known to increase with age. It’s the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in the US, and is the primary cause of blindness and foot and leg amputation. It is known to cause neuropathy in up to 70% of diabetic patients. Individuals with diabetes are twice as likely to develop cardiovascular disease. There are two types of diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2.

According to Zimmet (2001), about 150 million people in the world have been suffering with diabetes and it would be 300 million by 2025. Another interesting study by AusDiab in 2000 revelead that 7.4% of the population aged 25 or over had diabetes (type 2 in 90%) Since 1981, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes has increased to twice in and the total number of cases has increased threefold in Australia (Dunstain 2002).Although type 2 diabetes is effecting all races,it was identified highly in south Asians and also worlds one-third diabetic population is from indian continent ( Jean 2008). According to the report from Centre for Disease Control and Prevention in United states of America, nearly 25.8 million people have been affected by diabetes in 2010 with 90- 95% of them being type 2 DM (CDC 2011). However, type 2 diabetes mellitus which is characterized by the deficiency and resistance of the

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) or Type 2 Diabetes is seen as a metabolic disease that is categorized by abnormally high blood glucose or hyperglycemia. Diabetes Mellitus is also formerly known as noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and is the most common form of diabetes that is seen. Insulin is a hormone that is supplied to the body that allows us to efficiently use glucose as fuel. When carbohydrates are broken down into sugars in the stomach glucose enters the blood circulation simulating the pancreas to release insulin in an appropriate amount to become used for energy. With diabetes mellitus the body does not properly make use of the insulin supplied for the body. This causes the pancreas to produced an extra amount if insulin which the body cannot keep up with, causing an imbalance to the blood glucose levels (American Diabetes Association, 2015). In the united states diabetes affects almost 29.1 million people, while the another 86 million people have pre-diabetes but do not know. It is also known as the 7th leading cause of death in the country in the recent years (MedicineNet.com, 2016). For a patient suffering from a chronic form of diabetes mellitus understanding how these mechanisms lead to the condition can be used as preventative measures. Potential consequences as well as the causes and clinical manifestations will ensure a better knowledge on the issue to monitor the condition.

Type 1 diabetes formerly known as insulin dependent or juvenile diabetes is a sudden onset in which the body produces little or no insulin and commonly begins in childhood or adolescence, although anyone can develop type 1 diabetes at any time (Gale, 2013). Without insulin, sugar stays in the bloodstream and cannot be used to fuel the body cells. In this disease the body 's immune system attacks and destroys beta cells in the pancreas by producing autoantibodies that cannot distinguish between an intruder and the bodys own beta cells that produce insulin (Brill, 2008). Thus, people with type 1 diabetes must take insulin injections to stay alive as the disease can be rapidly fatal without daily administration of unsulin (WHO, 2008).

Diabetes is a very common disorder. It is the 8th leading cause of death worldwide. It is projected that the number of individuals with diabetes will almost double by 2030.

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is a disease that occurs when insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas are damaged or are being destroyed (Mahan, Escott-Stump & Raymond, 2012). The gradual destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas usually leads to complete insulin deficiency, which ultimately manifests itself in the following symptoms at clinical onset: “high blood glucose (hyperglycemia), frequent urination (polyuria), excessive thirst (polydipsia), and a significant amount of weight loss, dehydration, electrolyte disturbances and ketoacidosis”, requiring dependency of exogenous insulin in order to promote optimal glycemic control in order to prevent further more severe complications; such as, ketoacidosis, microvascular diseases, macrovascular diseases, neuropathy, or worse – Death (Mahan et al., 2012). Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus can result from two existing forms: 1. Immune-mediated diabetes Mellitus, which is characterized by autoimmune destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas and an idiopathic (unknown cause) commonly seen in ethnic groups of African or Asian descent (Mahan et al., 2012). Of all diagnosed diabetes cases, prevalence of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus cases account for 5%-10%, and although onset may present itself at any age, 70% of cases are diagnosed in young adults (younger than age 30), with a peak in occurring incidences seen mostly in children and adolescents (Mahan et al., 2012). “In the United States, approximately 1 in every 400

When a patient is diagnosed with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes, it is imperative to educated them on ways to prevent hyperglycemia. Diabetics need to be taught to check their blood glucose levels 4 times a day, take their insulin according to BG levels and carbohydrate consumption, how to give an insulin injection, and ways to prevent DKA from occurring. When a patient is sick with the flu or infection, there is going to be an increase in the amount of insulin needed. They will need to learn to check their BG more often, drink plenty of fluids, check for ketones in their urine, and know when it’s time to seek help. Noncompliance is another reason why a patient may develop DKA. It is important to educate the patient about what can happen if they decide to not take their insulin according to doctors’ orders. If you have a patient who continuously experiences DKA it is important to find out why they are choosing to be

This is a condition is when one’s body do not use insulin to transfer glucose into the body’s cells to use for energy (NDIC, 2014). This impairment can cause one’s body t require increased insulin to assist glucose to enter in to the cells. Initially, the pancreas can produce insulin to keeps up with the increased demand by producing more insulin (NDIC, 2014). Over time, the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin when blood glucose levels increase (NDIC, 2014). With the decreased production of insulin occurs, individual will require treatment for type II DM (NDIC,

People who suffer from diabetes have high levels of blood glucose (hyperglycemia) caused by the way the body produces insulin, the way insulin works in the body, or both. After food ingested it is broken down into protein, fats and carbohydrates or glucose. Glucose is used to fuel the cells of the body but the body needs insulin to enable the cells of the body to use glucose as energy. People with diabetes mellitus do not produce enough insulin for the body or the insulin that is produced is ineffective in its role. While diabetes was classified by the requirement of insulin therapy in the past it is now classified by the

Diabetes also called the diabetes mellitus is explained as the disease of a group of metabolic that causes the imbalance blood glucose (blood sugar). The blood sugar is either high or low or sometime the both conditions exist in a single patient. The condition of the blood sugar occurs when the insulin production is inadequate. The other condition is when the body 's cells do not respond properly to insulin and sometimes in both cases the blood sugar is disturbed. As suggested by Harvey, Rebecca A., et al. The patients of high blood sugar often report frequent urination and thirst and hunger more than the usual patterns. The long term complication of diabetes cause many diseases like chronic kidney failure, foot ulcers, damage to the

The type 1 diabetes mellitus or DM1 corresponds to the formerly called insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM), juvenile - onset diabetes or infantojuvenil diabetes . No insulin production is observed, due to the destruction of the β cells of the Islets of Langerhans of the pancreas . The destruction usually occurs in relatively short periods, especially in the youngest ones, predisposing to a serious decompensation of the metabolism called ketoacidosis. It is more common in young people (under 25 years old) and affects about 4.9 million people worldwide, with a high prevalence reported in North America . It represents between 5 to 10% of DM. 4

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is a disease that occurs when insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas are damaged or are being destroyed (Mahan, Escott-Stump & Raymond, 2012). The gradual destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas usually leads to complete insulin deficiency, which ultimately manifests itself in the following symptoms at clinical onset: “high blood glucose (hyperglycemia), frequent urination (polyuria), excessive thirst (polydipsia), and a significant amount of weight loss, dehydration, electrolyte disturbances and ketoacidosis”, requiring dependency of exogenous insulin in order to promote optimal glycemic control in order to prevent further more severe complications; such as, ketoacidosis, microvascular diseases, macrovascular diseases, neuropathy, or worse – Death (Mahan et al., 2012). Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus can result from two existing forms: 1. Immune-mediated diabetes Mellitus, which is characterized by autoimmune destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas and an idiopathic (unknown cause) commonly seen in ethnic groups of African or Asian descent (Mahan et al., 2012). Of all diagnosed diabetes cases, prevalence of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus accounts for 5%-10%, and although onset may present itself at any age, 70% of cases are diagnosed in young adults (younger than age 30), with a peak in occurring incidences seen mostly in children and adolescents (Mahan et al., 2012). “In the United States approximately 1 in every 400 to 500

Diabetes is a serious chronic disease, which occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin or doesn 't make enough insulin (T2DM, usually in adults) or the body can’t effectively use the insulin (T1DM) (WHO definition: http://www.who.int/diabetes/en/). WHO diagnostic criteria for DM is the FPG >7.0mmol/l. This diagnostic point affect the risk of micro-vascular complications such as retinopathy, neuropathy, renal failure and peripheral vascular events, amputation, while macro-vascular events such as MI, stroke and heart failure increased before the diagnostic point(10).

Diabetes Mellitus is “a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. It is a disease which is caused by the insufficient insulin secretion or decrease in the peripheral effects of insulin. It is a serious problem in terms of morbidity and mortality. The hyperglycemia is associated with long term damage, dysfunction and failure of various organs especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart and blood vessels. It’s associated with many complications which includes blindness of the eyes and amputations of the extremities. It is also associated with neuropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular diseases which lead to mortalities.

The disease I chose to write on research paper is Diabetes Mellitus Type II. Diabetes is one of the major chronic diseases caused by the insulin resistance that body generates within. It is a serious public health issue currently. There are different types of diabetes we encounter nowadays, but the three main types are Type I, Type II and gestational diabetes (Diabetes Mellitus,2005-2016). The type II diabetes is a non-controlled disease and it is the most common and also known as non-insulin dependent diabetes (Diabetes Mellitus,2005-2016). The impact on the human physiology is by insufficient production of sugar (insulin) in the bloodstream which then over the time damages to other organs. According to Public Health Agency of Canada, 90% to 95% of Canadian population are diagnosed with diabetes, especially with Type II diabetes (PHAC, 2016). It is statically proven that in 2008-09, approximately 2.4 million Canadians from the age group of one year and older are diagnosed with diabetes. In addition, 6.4% of females and 7.2% of males are prevalence in epidemiology to the condition of diabetes (PHAC,2016).