Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Diabetes

Diabetes refers to a set of several different diseases. It is a serious health problem throughout the world and fourth leading cause of death by disease in the country. All types of diabetes result in too much sugar, or glucos in the blood. To understand why this happens it would helpful if we understand how the body usually works. When we eat, our body breaks down the food into simpler forms such as glucose. The glucose goes into the bloodstream, where it then travels to all the cells in your body. The cells use the glucose for energy. Insulin, a hormone made by the pancreas, helps move the glucose from bloodstream to the cells. The pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus further explains the concept on how this disease works. Pancreas

According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 8.3% of Americans, or more than 25 million people, are living with diabetes. (Gosse, 2014) My mother, my grandmother and I are part of that statistic. Diabetes is predominately found in middle-aged and older people. This can be people that are overweight and inactive.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is the most common form of diabetes (American Diabetes Association, 2012). T2D is so prevalent that it is estimated to be the fifth most common cause of death worldwide (Yates, Jarvis, Troughton, and JaneDavies, 2009, p. 1). T2D manifests when the body is unable to metabolize glucose properly, resulting in elevated blood sugar, debilitating fatigue, and other serious complications such as distal limb amputations, kidney failure, and blindness. The generally accepted causes of T2D include diet, sedentary lifestyle, and obesity.

Type 2 diabetes is a polygenic, complex disease that has become a worldwide health crisis. According to the World Health Organization over 422 million people in the world had this disease in 2014 (1), the Center for Disease Control and Prevention stated that in the United States alone 29 million people had diabetes in 2014 (2). While the genetic predisposition contributing to the diabetes phenotype is not fully understood to date it still remains an area of active research. There are also various environmental factors that contribute stress to the glucose homeostasis system that provide a different approach in understanding this disease. Comprehending the pathogenesis of the disease has been an area of constant research for decades. There is hope that pharmaceutical developments can follow along and find medical treatments that can target the key pathogenic elements of this disease.

According to the report from the center for disease and prevention (CDC) in 2011, nearly 26million Americans are suffering from Diabetes.3 Furthermore, CDC reported in 2014 that there are chances of 40% American adults developing diabetes in their lifetime and half of the ethnic minorities will be affected. It is worthwhile to note that obesity was reported as the reason for the tremendous increase.4

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) or Type 2 Diabetes is seen as a metabolic disease that is categorized by abnormally high blood glucose or hyperglycemia. Diabetes Mellitus is also formerly known as noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and is the most common form of diabetes that is seen. Insulin is a hormone that is supplied to the body that allows us to efficiently use glucose as fuel. When carbohydrates are broken down into sugars in the stomach glucose enters the blood circulation simulating the pancreas to release insulin in an appropriate amount to become used for energy. With diabetes mellitus the body does not properly make use of the insulin supplied for the body. This causes the pancreas to produced an extra amount if insulin which the body cannot keep up with, causing an imbalance to the blood glucose levels (American Diabetes Association, 2015). In the united states diabetes affects almost 29.1 million people, while the another 86 million people have pre-diabetes but do not know. It is also known as the 7th leading cause of death in the country in the recent years (MedicineNet.com, 2016). For a patient suffering from a chronic form of diabetes mellitus understanding how these mechanisms lead to the condition can be used as preventative measures. Potential consequences as well as the causes and clinical manifestations will ensure a better knowledge on the issue to monitor the condition.

Type II diabetes mellitus (DM), also referred to as non-insulin dependent diabetes, is a relative, rather than absolute, deficiency of insulin (ADA, 2004). It is global problem and has been identified as one of the “most challenging contemporary threats to public health” (Schauer et al., 2012). One is at risk for developing type II diabetes if they are overweight, over the age of 45, have a relative with type II diabetes, are sedentary, gave birth to a baby over 9 pounds, or had gestational diabetes (Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2016).

More than three million cases in the United States. Type 2 Diabetes also called: adult

Diabetes is a major medical problem in the US. In the year 2015, it was reported that 86 million Americans are diagnosed with prediabetes (ADA, 2016). Diabetes is the seventh leading cause of death in the United States (CDC, 2016). Research has

Diabetes mellitus type 2, also know as type 2 Diabetes or noninsulin dependent diabetes, is a disease that effects the body systemically. Type 2 diabetes is a disorder in which cells become resistant to insulin and can no longer bind it properly to reduce blood sugar. The result of this is elevated glucose levels in the circulating blood that leads to endothelial injury in all regions of the body. Primary damages occur in the kidneys, cardiovascular, and digestive systems. According to “Annual Number of New Cases of Diagnosed Diabetes Among Adults” (2015), the overall incidence of type 2 diabetes was approximately 1.4 million new cases. From previous years this number has decreased; however, it can be further lowered with proper education, change in the Western diet, and increase in physical activity. In 2012 approximately 27.7 million Americans were living with Type 2 diabetes. The cumulative cost of care for American diabetes patients was 245 billion dollars, which encompasses medical treatment cost and the patients’ inability to work, ultimately resulting in decreased personal production (“Statistics About Diabetes”, n.d.). As exemplified by the National Institutes for Health (2015), “Diabetes is a lifelong disease and there is no cure.” Even though no cure is present, lifestyle modifications such as diet and exercise, play a role in self-regulation of blood glucose levels.

“In 2010, an estimated 25.8 million people in the United States had diabetes mellitus, of which approximately 1 million have type 1 diabetes and most of the rest have type 2 diabetes ” (Papadakis et al., 2014) That means that in 2010 about 24.8 million people suffered from type 2 diabetes. Diabetes mellitus is impaired insulin secretion and variable degrees or peripheral insulin resistance leading to hyperglycemia (Porter, Kaplan, 2011). Type II diabetes has become more prevalent in the United States due to the decrease in physical activity, the increase in obesity rates, and also the predisposition of genetic factors. In this paper I am going to cover description of history and the disease, etiology, signs and

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a chronic metabolic disease in which insulin is secreted by the pancreas in response to an increase in blood glucose levels. In T2D, the body makes insulin; however there is resistance of target tissues to insulin, leading to abnormal insulin secretion (Government of Canada, 2013). Thus, increased levels of insulin need to be produced in order to maintain normal blood glucose levels within the body (Government of Canada, 2013).With the growing epidemic of sedentary lifestyle in the Western hemisphere, there is an increasing prevalence in the number of diagnosed cases of T2D. There are many risk factors associated with T2D such as being overweight or obese, high blood pressure,

Type 2 diabetes is a very well known disease throughout the US. There are about 27 million people in the US with the disease and 86 million others have prediabetes which means their blood glucose is not right but also not high enough to be diabetes yet. 208,000 people under the age of twenty have been diagnosed with either Type 1 or 2 Diabetes.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic health condition associated with high concentrations of glucose in the blood and urine. The effective function of the nervous and musculoskeletal systems is essential in the control, communication and movement of the body. Cindy Openshaw’s case of Type 2 diabetes mellitus poses a negative influence of the successful function nervous and musculoskeletal systems. In regards to Cindy Openshaw, the functioning of her nervous and musculoskeletal systems will be assessed, and the role that these systems have in her management of her diabetes. The consequences and negative implications of inappropriate management of her Type 2 diabetes will be examined, with reference to Cindy’s physical, psychological and social functioning.

According to the Center for Disease Control, diabetesmellitusis among the top 10 causes of death in the United States (CDC, 2013). In 2013, 25.8 million people in the United States were confirmed to have diabetes, and another 57 million individuals had prediabetes, a condition that puts individuals at risk to develop diabetes laterin life(Saxon et al, 2015). For the remainder of this paper, the focus shall remain on Type 2 diabetes, formerly known as non-insulin-dependent or adult-onset diabetes, which accounts for 95% of all cases of diabetes and is characterized by hyperglycemia caused by insulin resistance.This insulin resistance is a results of cells which cannot use insulin properly, a decrease in insulin secretion, elevated hepatic