Diabetes Neephropathy Research Paper

Why do we treat diabetes? There are a number of downstream events associated with abnormal blood glucose levels. If glucose levels are managed properly, the complications associated diabetes can be controlled, and sometimes completely prevented. The main problem with having more than the normal amount of glucose circulating in the blood stream is the effect that excess glucose can have on both large and small blood vessels (DTC, 2004). Micro-vascular and macro-vascular problems associated with diabetes can be seen in the heart, eyes, kidney, legs and feet. Diabetic patients are twice as likely to suffer from a mycocardial infaraction, twenty-five times more likely to suffer blindness, and seventeen times more likely to suffer kidney failure compared to a non-diabetic (DTC, 2004). Because of great number of risks associated with abnormal blood glucose levels, diabetes is aggressively treated to improve the quality of life and prevent complications in patients.

Diabetes is a disease where the body is unable to produce or use insulin effectively. Insulin is needed for proper storage and use of carbohydrates. Without it, blood sugar levels can become too high or too low, resulting in a diabetic emergency. It affects about 7.8% of the population. The incidence of diabetes is known to increase with age. It’s the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in the US, and is the primary cause of blindness and foot and leg amputation. It is known to cause neuropathy in up to 70% of diabetic patients. Individuals with diabetes are twice as likely to develop cardiovascular disease. There are two types of diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2.

"Diabetes mellitus is not a single disease but a group of disorders with glucose intolerance in common" (McCance 674). Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia (increased blood sugar) and results from defective insulin production, secretion, and utilization. There are many forms of diabetes. "Diabetes increases the risk of heart and blood vessel disease, amputation, infections, kidney damage, eye problems (including blindness), and nerve malfunction" (Husain). I will

Uncontrolled diabetes can affect nearly every organ of the body; of which, heart disease and kidney failure are most commonly impacted. Known as diabetes mellitus, a collective term for various blood abnormalities, the term diabetes refers to either a scarcity of insulin in the body or the body’s inability to accept insulin. Though the symptoms of diabetes are manageable, many are unaware as to having it. According to the CDC report “2011 Diabetes Fact Sheet,” approximately 6 million people in the United States have undiagnosed diabetes. Undetected, diabetes can become deadly. In a recent World Health Organization report “Diabetes Action Now: An Initiative of the World Health Organization and the International Diabetes Federation,” it

This article goes in detail about the complications of Type 2 Diabetes, on how hyperglycemia damages the vascular system leading to microvascular disease and macrovascular disease. The complications of microvascular disease are diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, and diabetic neuropathy. On the other hand, with macrovascular disease includes Cardio Vascular Disease (CVD), such as Atherosclerosis. Furthermore, the article gives recommendations of treating Type 2 Diabetes and the prevention of its health related complications with medication, screening, diet, and exercise.

Diabetes is a disease that can lead to heart attacks, stroke, kidney failure, nerve damage, or blindness (Turkoski, 2006). It not only costs many individuals their lives, but it also causes untold emotional and physical problems for people with diabetes and their families. In addition, the cost of care associated with diabetes and the associated complications exceeds $132 billion annually.

Type 2 diabetes self-management education is necessary to prevent the development of long- term health complications associated with poor metabolic control in individuals with diabetes (Kennedy, 2012). The national average of adults who attended diabetes self-management education changed little from 51.4% in the year 2000 to 57.4% in 2010 (Centers for Disease Control [CDC], 2014). A Healthy People 2020 goal is to increase the number of adults who receive diabetes education by 10% (HealthyPeople.gov, 2014). Type 2 diabetes has reached epidemic proportions, accounting for 90-95% of diabetes cases. Complications related to uncontrolled diabetes include kidney disease, blindness, lower-extremity amputations, stroke and heart disease. Poorly controlled diabetes is one of the primary causes of kidney failure, with 10-20% of people with diabetes dying from kidney failure. Cardiovascular disease accounts for 50% of deaths in people with diabetes (Kennedy, 2012).

Diabetes is very prevalent in the today’s society. It is estimated that about 10% of the population currently suffers from this disease. There are two types of diabetes. Type 1 is commonly referred to as insulin-dependent diabetes. Type 2 is commonly known as non-insulin dependent diabetes. The main difference between both types is that there is an insulin deficiency for Type 1 and an insulin resistance and failing insulin secretion for Type 2.I have been suffering from diabetes for the last two years. I was actually diagnosed with TYPE 2 DIABETES.

Diabetes is associated with an increased risk of developing primarily vascular complications that contribute to morbidity and mortality of diabetic patients. Poor glycaemic control leads to vascular complications that affect large (macrovascular), small (microvascular) vessels or both. Macrovascular complications include coronary heart disease, peripheral vascular disease and stroke. Microvascular complications contribute to diabetic neuropathy (nerve damage), nephropathy (kidney disease) and retinopathy (eye disease).

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a condition in the body that is related to a faulty metabolism. It means that the body’s metabolism is not functioning properly, which leads to adverse effects in the health. The food we ingest, gets broken down into blood sugar (glucose), which is what fuels our body in the form of energy. This converted glucose needs to enter our cells so that it can be used for energy and growth. And in order for the glucose to enter our cells, there needs to be insulin present, which the beta cells of the pancreas is responsible for producing. This hormone is responsible for maintaining glucose level in the blood. It allows the body cells to use glucose as a main

Patients with type 2 diabetes are at risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications. Evidence has shown that an improvement in blood glucose control, as shown by a reduction in HbA1c levels, is associated with a reduction in microvascular complications (2,3,4).

Type II is similar to Type I but this particular branch is known as a Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM), meaning that the production of insulin is not the problem. Patients with type II have an insulin resistance condition, which means that their body has become resistant to the insulin hormone and therefore, the cells in the body do not react to it. When resistance to insulin takes place, the pancreas makes an effort to produce as much insulin as it can, in order to attempt to stimulate the body’s cells, until it can no longer produce sufficient amounts. Once the insulin production has worn out, blood sugar levels in the bloodstream rise and diabetes type II manifests. Insulin levels in the body may be normal but because of the resistance, there is a decrease in sensitivity to liver and muscle cells, and because the insulin cannot penetrate such muscles, it becomes ineffective. Unlike type I, type II can be

The most well known T2DM microvascular complications are diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy. Diabetic retinopathy (DR), the most common microvascular complication, is responsible for over 10,000 new cases of blindness in the United States each year [102] and is projected to affect >60% of T2DM patients by the first decade of disease [103]. DR is classified into 2 main stages: nonproliferative DR (NPDR) and proliferative DR (PDR). NPDR is further classified into mild, moderate, or severe stages with the earliest signs of NPDR including decreased pericyte coverage of the retinal capillaries [104] due to pericyte loss and microaneurysms (swelling of the retinal blood vessels) [105]. Pericytes

Hyperglycemia results in damage to retinal capillaries. This weakens the capillary walls and results in small outpouchings of the vessel lumens, known as microaneurysms.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the leading causes of chronic kidney diseases worldwide and most of the affected patients have T2DM. A considerable number of patients newly diagnosed with T2DM may already have developed nephropathy due to a preceding period of undiagnosed diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance [11]. According to the classification of American Diabetes Association, DN is divided into three stages, incipient nephropathy (micro-albuminuria), clinical diabetic nephropathy (macro-albuminuria) and ESRD. To diagnose those DN patients in its early stage can effectively prevent or delay the progression to ESRD [12]. Renal biopsy is a useful way to diagnose DN but is an invasive method so we are in need to simple, accurate and non-invasive test for early diagnosis and/or monitoring DN progression [13]. Several mechanisms, including hyperglycemia, advanced glycation end products (AGEs), oxidative stress, and inflammation are the main contributors to DN pathogenesis through activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling which is the key regulator of inflammation and apoptosis [14].