Diabetes: Ophthalmographic Study

They include: heart and blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, nerves, gums and teeth. In regards to the heart and blood vessels, there are approximately 65% of death that is caused by diabetes due to major complication of heart disease and stroke. In the peripheral artery diseases diabetes also plays a major role in the cause of poor blood flow in the legs and feet. Many studies show that controlling diabetes can prevent or stop the progression of heart and blood vessel disease. Blood vessel damage or nerve damage may also lead to foot problems that can lead to amputations. More than 60% of leg and foot amputations not related to an injury are due to diabetes. Another complication of diabetes is the leading cause of blindness in the U.S. There has been a number of eye problems that if not addressed can lead to eye blindness which include: glaucoma,cataracts and diabetic retinopathy. Ninety percent of diabetic-related blindness as study shown could be prevented if there would be regular eye exams and timely treatment of diabetes-related eye problems. Furthermore, kidney failure is also one leading cause of further complication that resulted from uncontrolled diabetes in the U.S. It is said that drugs that help lower blood pressure can help the chance to developing kidney failure by 33%. Also diabetes on nerves can lead to loss of sensation or pain and burning of the feet because nerves are harmed due to over time high blood sugar levels. It can also

See the eye doctor. An ophthalmologist can check you for diabetes-related eye disease. Not everyone with diabetes develops vision problems, but most are very treatable and catching them early helps.

Do you know what the leading cause of blindness is in Americans from ages 20 to 74? It is diabetes an illness that changes the way the body breaks down and absorbs sugars. These changes, doctors feel, take away oxygen that the retina needs. (The retina is the back layer of the eye and it is where sharp images are formed.) When this happens’ some small blood vessels may become weak and break, vision problems occur when this blood leaks into the areas around the retina. Diabetes can also cause glaucoma and cataracts. Glaucoma is a disease that causes a lot of pressure in the eye because too much fluid builds up. Cataracts, on the other hand, cloud the lens of the eye and this makes a person feel like he or she is looking through a grimy window.

Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness globally and in the U.S. adults younger than age 60. It is more common in individual with type 2 diabetes compared to those with type 1 due to long-standing hyperglycemia before diagnosis. Most people with diabetes eventually develops some degree of retinopathy and they are more likely to develop cataracts and glaucoma. The prevalence and severity of retinopathy are strongly related to individual’s age, the duration of diabetes, and the extent of glycemic control. Three stages of the retinopathy leads to vision loss; stage I – non-proliferative is characterized by thickening of the retinal capillary basement membrane and increased retinal capillary permeability, vein dilation, micro-aneurysm formation, and hemorrhages. Stage II – pre-proliferative there is progression of retinal ischemia with areas of inadequate perfusion that result in infarcts. Stage III – proliferative involves neovascularization (angiogenesis) and fibrous tissue formation within

• Looking through the pupil into the back of the eye to examine the retina (fundoscopic exam) with a light (ophthalmoscope).

Vision without correction is 20/20 hand motion. Applanation 16 and 14. The anterior segment is clear and quiet in the right eye and there is evidence of iris neovascularization. He has a well placed PC IOL in the right eye. The left eye shows 2+ nuclear sclerosis with 2+ cortical spoking. Posterior segment of the left eye shows a dense vitreous hemorrhage with a positive red reflex. No evidence of retinal detail.

Diabetes mellitus is a category of metabolic diseases distinguished by hyperglycemia from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The most widespread form of this disease is Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) which accounts for 85-95% of all diagnosed cases. Often times these cases are without symptoms during their early stages and sometimes remains undetected for many years. The chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes is connected with enduring dysfunction and damage to various organs including the eyes,

Diabetic Retinopathy, or damage to the blood vessels of the retina, potentially leading to blindness

The eye plays an essential role in the human body. Being able to see and perceive objects by an individual lies fairly on the judgment of the eyes. Cataracts are painless and gradual whereas glaucoma can either be slow and subtle or quick and painful. A cataract is highly likely to result in cloudiness in the eye since light is prevented from entering it correctly (Tzu et al., 2015). According to Jensen (2015), glaucoma leads to a buildup of pressure in the eye, the resultant effect is usually a damaged optic nerve, and has the potential of causing permanent blindness. For a patient battling with diabetes mellitus, they are highly likely to develop diabetic retinopathy. This condition is usually shown by ocular hemorrhages, increased vascular

Diabetic Retinopathy is one of the most common cause for vision loss among working age peoples. Previous studies of Diabetic Retinopathy had revealed that high blood glucose effect on the retinal blood vessels function and induce apoptosis of endothelial cells, pericytes and Muller cells. The apoptosis of these cells leads to increase retinal vascular permeability that cause leakage. Endothelial and pericytes cells apoptosis was promote by mitochondrial dysfunction due to high glucose, but it is still unknow if High Glucose (HG) will lead to mitochondrial dysfunction for Muller Cells and consequently promote Muller cell apoptosis or not.

Diabetic Retinopathy is treatable if caught in time, but if it is not diagnosed it can lead to blindness. Diabetics should have regular eye exams to prevent serious eye diseases, such as cataracts, glaucoma, and macular degeneration.

Diabetic retinopathy cause change in retina such as changes in blood vessel diameter, hemorrhages (tiny spots of blood that leak into the retina), macular edema(swelling or thickening of the macula caused by fluid leaking from the retina's blood vessels) and new vessel growth. Diabetic retinopathy can be classified according to presence or non-presence of abnormal neovascularization as nonproliferative (NPDR) and proliferative(PDR). NPDR is the early stage of disease which it causes shrinking and sweelling of the blood vessels and changing the diameter. This random change in diameter affects blood flow to the retina. This variance of blood flow can also affect other areas of the eye - some areas do not get enough blood while other areas

Diabetic retinopathy M.C. has been having problem with her sight. She has been experiencing blurry vision even her glucose

There are many different procedures that can be taken for the diagnosis of diabetes. A series of light flashes, each at a different wavelength is used to excite various proteins in the eye, each according to a particular length and the proteins emit fluorescent light. The pattern of light emissions reflects the distribution of carious proteins, which changes according to various psychological conditions (Scientific American Medical 22). This new method is based on synchronous fluorescent spectrometry, which combines a detector with a light source to measure the intensity of light emitted by proteins in the eye from each wavelength shown into the eye. A computer then compares the patient's peaks and valleys of such measurements with corresponding spectra form normal and diabetic eyes. Any one of the following three tests shows the

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) tend to be a major complication in patient with diabetes mellitus (DM) that can lead to blindness. Recent studies reported that damage to BRB at the retinal pigment epithelium has additionally been proposed as a mechanism for the development of diffuse edema .The breakdown of the inner BRB results in accumulation of fluid within the extracellular space. Subsequent increases in retinal thickness are relevant quantitative parameters for BRB damage [1,2] . Histological studies of neural component of the retina have revealed that diabetes induced biochemical changes that affect neural cells [3,4] ,others [5] approved that neuronal damage precede vascular abnormalities especially early stage of diabetic retinopathy . Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), is a solid imaging technology that can generate micrometer resolution cross-sectional imaging of the ocular structures, and provide a quantitative measurement of alterations in retinal thickness with good reproducibility [6]. Here, the study was conducted to compare the differences of the OCT findings between the severity of diabetic retinopathy and the thicknesses of the macula and RNFL.