Diabetes: The Early Symptoms Of Kidney Disease

Most patients who have diabetes for an extended amount of time may end up with diabetic neuropathy, which is damage caused to the nerves; it affects the peripheral nerves, autonomic nerves, and focal nerves. From the high blood sugar, it can destroy parts of the patient’s blood vessels, heart, and kidneys. If diabetes is not treated, it will almost always cause heart disease or kidney disease.

The disease may cause similar changes in the blood vessels of the kidneys. This condition, called diabetic nephropathy, may lead to kidney failure. The nerves may also be affected by diabetes. This complication, known as diabetic neuropathy, can result in loss of feeling or abnormal sensations in different parts of the body.

What should the nurse suspect when hourly assessment of urine output on a postcraniotomy patient exhibits a urine output from a catheter of 1,500 mL for 2 consecutive hours?

Hyperglycemia is a very serious risk for heart disease and strokes. Complications from hyperglycemic diabetes may include coronary heart disease (CHD), heart failure, stroke, arrhythmias, or even death. High blood glucose (sugar) levels over time can lead to excess fatty deposits on the insides of your blood vessel walls. These deposits often affect blood flow, which increases the possibility of blood vessels clogging and/or hardening. As a result, this leads to heart disease. Furthermore, those with diabetic heart disease (DHD) may have less success with heart disease treatments, such as angioplasty or artery bypass grafting. “The common clustering of these risk factors in a single individual has been called the metabolic syndrome.” (Scott 1134) Uncontrolled diabetes, the biggest contributor to heart disease, is almost four times higher for adults than those without diabetes. The best way to prevent diabetic heart disease is to control it by way of reducing the risk factors through diet and lifestyle changes.

Creatinine and BUN levels are high related to the kidneys not functioning properly due to the C. Diff. Infection. The kidneys are not filtering out waste products of the body.

In the human body, there are systems that provide different functions and help the body to operate more efficiently. The urinary system is one in particular designed to help the body remain free of excess that we no longer need. “The urinary tract is the drainage system used for removing wastes and extra water. The urinary tract includes two kidneys, two ureters, a bladder, and a urethra. The kidneys are a pair of “bean-shaped” organs, each about the size of a fist. The kidneys are located below the ribs, one on each side of the spine, towards the middle of the back.” (NIDDK, 2013) Every several minutes, your kidneys filter around three ounces of blood, also then removing wastes and extra water. That extra water and

Long-term effects of diabetes can cause many serious complications: heart disease, stroke, blindness, amputations, and kidney disease and nerve damage. These complications are usually progressive and develop over time due to poor control of blood glucose levels. High blood glucose levels cause a narrowing of all the vessels, blockage, and high blood pressure.

The most commonly evaluated clinical parameter measured in the ESRD population is the delivered dose of dialysis is by Kt/V. In this case, majority of the diabetic and non-diabetic population has an adequate dialysis based on their Kt/v (sp). But still many factors are needed to be considered. We should identify the possible causes for those patients who did not meet their required clearance. Check the patient’s vascular access. A Good vascular access provides adequate dialysis. Observe proper cannulation technique and rotate sites to prevent damage of the access. Proper priming should be observed to utilize the surface area of the dialyzer. Clotting of blood due to inadequate heparinization does not produce adequate clearance. The nurse should administer heparin per facility protocol or as ordered by the doctor. Monitor patient’s Kt/V through online clearance monitoring (OCM) to immediately evaluate the current urea clearance of the patient and to provide a prompt intervention and investigation as necessary.

In Kidney failure cases urea, creatine, uric acids and electrolytes move from the blood to the dialysate with the net effect of lowering their concentration in the blood. RBC s WBC s and plasma proteins are too large to diffuse through the pores of the membrane. Hemodialysis patient are exposed to 120 to 130 L of water during each dialysis treatment. Small molecular weight substances can pass from the dialysate in to patient’s blood. So the purity of water used for dialysis is monitored and controlled.

First, the rate of urea production is just not constant. Urea can be grossly modified by a high protein intake, critical illness (i.e. sepsis, burns, and trauma), gastrointestinal hemorrhage, or drug therapy such as the use of corticosteroids or tetracycline. On the other hand, patients with chronic liver disease and low protein intake can have lower urea levels without noticeable changes in GFR. Second, the rate of renal clearance of urea is not constant. Approximately 40–50% of filtered urea is passively reabsorbed by proximal renal tubular cells. Moreover, in states of decreased effective circulating volume (i.e. volume depletion, low cardiac output), there is certainly enhanced reabsorption of sodium and water in the proximal renal tubular cells along with a corresponding increase in urea reabsorption. As a result, the concentration of serum urea may increase out of proportion with changes in S.Cr and be under representative of

Blood pressure — Higher blood pressures have been noted to be associated with diabetic nephropathy.

Perform a urinalysis when possible to find levels of Specific Gravity (how concentrated the urine is), pH, Protein, Blood, Nitrites, Leukocytes, Ketones, Glucose and Bilirubin. The results of this test can help identify any possible impairment in renal function and identify the presence of an infection (Vera, 2011).

The causes of the above kidney diseases include infections that migrate upward from the urinary tract and exposure to certain drugs or toxins. Kidney problems are often a complication of other disorders, such as diabetes, lupus, high blood pressure, and liver disease. If kidney function is seriously impaired, toxic wastes cannot be properly eliminated and may accumulate in the blood stream, resulting in uremic poisoning, and a sign of potential kidney failure.

One of the diseases is diabetes mellitus which is a major cause of renal failure. This disease can be defined as an increase of fasting blood glucose that is affected by a deficiency in insulin hormone. The normal range for glucose (fasting) in the blood is 2.8-6.0 mmol/L. It is classified into two groups, type 1 (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) and type 2 (non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus). Stein (2008, p.6) points out that kidney failure happens most often when patients have suffered from diabetes mellitus for more than 10 years. According to United States Renal Data System (USRDS) report in 2007, approximately 44% of primary causes of renal failure is diabetes mellitus in the United States in 2005. Also, Stein (2008) indicates that 15% of dialysis patients are influenced by diabetes mellitus in the United Kingdom. Diabetes mellitus has negative affects throughout the kidneys where the increase of the range of blood sugar causes the damages to the cells in the kidneys. This leads to the presence of the glucose in the urine which is known as glycosuric.

When the kidneys fail, it runs the risk of high levels of potassium, which can influence many factors that are dangerous.