Diabetes The Endocrine System Consists Of Elevated Or Inadequate Depression Of Endocrine Gland

This report will focus on the endocrine system and how it is supporting the body to function well. The link between the effects of the endocrine system and type 2 diabetes will be highlighted. A clear distinction of normal endocrine functions will be explained and in addition the effects due to the condition of type 2 diabetes. The normal human body consists of two main systems which work together to sustain homeostasis. The two systems involved are the nervous system and the endocrine system. (1)

Diabetes, Diabetes Mellitus, is a chronic illness this means that it has no cure and the symptoms persist over a long period of time. This illness is a result of an imbalance of hormones, insulin, produced in the pancreas. Insulin plays an important role in how the body uses food. Insulin enables the cells in the bloodstream to absorb and use glucose for fuel. If the pancreas produces too little or no insulin or if the insulin doesn’t work properly the person may become diabetic. Therefore, diabetics are not able to properly convert food into fuels needed by the body to function, which can seriously lead to physical consequences.

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) or Type 2 Diabetes is seen as a metabolic disease that is categorized by abnormally high blood glucose or hyperglycemia. Diabetes Mellitus is also formerly known as noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and is the most common form of diabetes that is seen. Insulin is a hormone that is supplied to the body that allows us to efficiently use glucose as fuel. When carbohydrates are broken down into sugars in the stomach glucose enters the blood circulation simulating the pancreas to release insulin in an appropriate amount to become used for energy. With diabetes mellitus the body does not properly make use of the insulin supplied for the body. This causes the pancreas to produced an extra amount if insulin which the body cannot keep up with, causing an imbalance to the blood glucose levels (American Diabetes Association, 2015). In the united states diabetes affects almost 29.1 million people, while the another 86 million people have pre-diabetes but do not know. It is also known as the 7th leading cause of death in the country in the recent years (MedicineNet.com, 2016). For a patient suffering from a chronic form of diabetes mellitus understanding how these mechanisms lead to the condition can be used as preventative measures. Potential consequences as well as the causes and clinical manifestations will ensure a better knowledge on the issue to monitor the condition.

The purpose of this discussion will be to review Hannah’s case and to go over what course of action will be best for her. In review, Hannah is a 10-year-old girl who has recently been diagnosed with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. She is a 4th grade student at Hendricks Elementary School. Prior to her diagnosis, Hannah was very involved in sports and played on the girls’ volleyball team. Her mom is concerned with how this diagnosis is going to affect Hannah’s life. This paper will explain the diagnostic testing that is performed on a usual basis to formally diagnose the disease. We will also be looking at some of the Complementary and Alternative treatments that may be beneficial to Hannah. A plan will be looked at to find what treatment is most appropriate for her. Once the prognosis is also discussed we can go over any potential barriers that may exist for Hannah.

We learned that Type 1 is an autoimmune condition where the body attacks its own beta cells in the pancreas via antibodies. Specifically, the person’s body produces antibodies that come down and destroy the beta cells in their pancreas. By having no beta cells, the person will not be able to secrete insulin; therefore, leaving the body in a hyperglycemic state. Some of the first symptoms of hyperglycemia are polyuria or polydipsia. Normal levels of blood glucose are between 70-110mg/100ml. Symptoms such as polyuria and polydipsia are diagnosed when diuresis via osmolarity of glucose becomes more than the Transport maximum (200mg/100ml). The protein responsible for this reabsorption of glucose is located in the proximal convoluted tubule, called the Sodium Glucose Transporter. In essence, 100mg/100ml of glucose can be easily reabsorbed, but 500mg of glucose will exceed the Tranport maximum. As a result, the person will have diuresis because 200mg will be reabsorbed, but 300mg will be left which ends up in the urine. This condition is also called diabetes mellitus or honey

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a condition in the body that is related to a faulty metabolism. It means that the body’s metabolism is not functioning properly, which leads to adverse effects in the health. The food we ingest, gets broken down into blood sugar (glucose), which is what fuels our body in the form of energy. This converted glucose needs to enter our cells so that it can be used for energy and growth. And in order for the glucose to enter our cells, there needs to be insulin present, which the beta cells of the pancreas is responsible for producing. This hormone is responsible for maintaining glucose level in the blood. It allows the body cells to use glucose as a main

The endocrine system is a group of glands distributed throughout the human body. This group of glands secretes substances called hormones. These hormones are dumping into the bloodstream (Shier, Butler & Lewis, 2009). The endocrine system does not have a single anatomic location. It is dispersed throughout the human body. The final purpose of this process is to control, regulate, and coordinate the functioning of the human body. Some body functions can be activated or inhibited by hormones, which are secreted in very small quantities. The hormone related diseases may be due to hyper secretion, or a hypo secretion. The hormones secreted by the endocrine glands regulate growth, development and function of many tissues, and coordinate the

Diabetes insipidus is a condition where the release or response to the pituitary hormone vasopressin is not able to operate correctly. This results in large amounts of urine and it’s accompanied by dehydration and excessive thirst. Diabetes mellitus is a long lasting condition where the body does not make enough insulin to respond to the blood sugar levels that are taking place. This results in an abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates and elevated levels of glucose in the blood and urine. It is the most common of the two. Diabetes insipidus is a kidney disorder, does not cause a rise in blood sugar levels, and does not release glucose in the urine. While diabetes mellitus is a pancreatic disorder, causes a rise in blood sugar levels, and releases

Diabetes insipidus is a disorder that causes an imbalance of water in the body because the kidneys are not functioning correctly (cite). It is caused by a lack of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) which prevents dehydration. Individuals with this disorder produces excessive urination and polydipsia (cite). Although diabetes insipidus and mellitus sound related, they are not. Diabetes mellitus type 1 and type 2 are more common forms of diabetes (cite). To diagnose diabetes insipidus, a doctor could use the fluid /water deprivation test or an MRI scan. The fluid/water deprivation test involves allowing an individual to reframe from drinking fluids for a number of hours to become extremely dehydrated while collecting blood and urine samples. An MRI scan of the head can be used to observe abnormalities in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland (cite).

Diabetes insipidus is a rare condition that causes the body to create more urine than normal, which leads to thirst and dehydration. The urine is made mostly of water (dilute urine). There are several types of diabetes insipidus. The most common forms are related to decreased production of the hormone that regulates urine production (antidiuretic hormone) or resistance to the antidiuretic hormone.

Diabetes (DM) is a metabolic disorder affecting the endocrine system, the physiognomies consist of either the inability to properly produce and/or use insulin by the body; resulting in unregulated blood sugar (BS) or glucose. This is typically a chronic condition, but there are some outliers that may yield the same results, such as pregnancy, surgery, medication regimen, pancreatic disease and infections. A basic review of the digestive process will help us in understanding this illness; the metabolism of our food by our body forms glucose and used for energy. There’s impairment in diabetic patients with this process and the BS fluctuates, these changes over time have a negative effect on other organs resulting in secondary chronic ailments. For our discussion, we will deal with two types of diabetes; Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) or Type I diabetes and Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM) or Type II diabetes. In IDDM client 's, the pancreas produces little or no insulin; therefore, they need insulin to help manage their blood glucose levels.

Diabetes is a disease that can be developed overtime, or during birth. It is when the body is not producing enough insulin, a hormone that manages blood sugar levels. This causes a high blood sugar level in the body which needs to be regulated by medication amongst other things. Because diabetes causes the body to produce a lot of sugar already, in colder climates they begin to produce more sugar to keep the body warmer.

According to The American Diabetes Association, “Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes is associated with long-term damage, dysfunction, and failure of various organs, especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels” (p.1).

Some of the most common signs and symptoms of diabetes are polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia. These symptoms cause a ripple effect and one causes another to happen. Polyuria is excessive urination that is very common in diabetes. This happens when excess sugar builds up in the blood, during which the kidneys work harder to filter and absorb the extra sugar that cannot be reabsorbed. This excess sugar is excreted in the urine along with large losses of water. This is also known as osmotic diuresis. This causes frequent urination and also can cause dehydration (Mayo Clinic, 2010). The dehydration then causes polydipsia, also known as excessive thirst. This is also caused by the increased level of blood glucose. This again, is caused when water is pulled from the cells and also from the large loss of water. When you lose sugar with polyuria you also lose calories which cause polyphagia. The body tents to hold on to the sugar and prevent it from reaching the cells which makes the body use fat stores and cellular protein for energy. This then leads to excessive hunger (Mayo Clinic, 2010).

Diabetes insipidus is caused by a deficiency in the pituitary hormone, vasopressin that is known to regulate functions in the kidney; leading to the kidney not being able to concentrate urine. (Khanna, 2006) Aquaporin-2 is located in the apical cell membrane of the collecting duct of the principal kidney cells and is the only aquaporin to regulate vasopressin. Its main job is the reabsorption of water from urine whilst at the same time being excreted from the body via the kidney. Likewise, when vasopressin is required it binds to the surface of vasopressin receptors which in turn allows for the activation of a signalling pathway; ultimately leading to the aquaporin-2 channels to combine with the plasma membrane. (Lodish, 2008) Furthermore, mutations of aquaporin-2 result in either nephrogenic or acquire diabetes insipidus. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus can also be either autosomal dominant or recessive, in which a similar x-linked phenotype is formed as a result of a mutated vasopressin receptor. With that having been said, acquired diabetes insipidus is caused by lithium decreasing the manifestation of the aquaporin-2 gene. (Knoers,