Diabetes : The Most Common Type Of Diabetes

Bone Mineral Density. Among the site(s) at danger for osteoporotic breaks, the bone site that is generally reliably appeared in studies to be connected with decreased bone mineral thickness (BMD) in DM1 is the hip. While a few exemptions exist [43], most studies show mediocre hip BMD among those with DM1 contrasted with controls without diabetes. In a meta-examination consolidating consequences of five studies, Vestergaard showed a huge diminishment in 푍 scores at the hip (푍score: −0.37±0.16, 푃 < 0.05) among patients with DM1 contrasted with controls. Discoveries from a case control study by Eller-Vainicher and others were comparable, where a diminishment in femoral neck BMD 푍 scores was seen among patients with DM1 (−0.32 ± 0.14) contrasted with controls (0.63 ± 1.0, 푃 < 0.0001) coordinated for age, BMI, and

As generally stated in the introduction, osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder that involves the strength and integrity of one’s bones. The WHO defines osteoporosis as, “a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by low-bone mass, deterioration of bone tissue, increased bone fragility, and its susceptibly to recurrent fractures.” 2 The most important factor to take into account when addressing osteoporosis is the mass of bone, also referred to as, bone mineral density (BMD). As bone mass begins to decline, typically in the older population, specifically postmenopausal women, individuals are at an increased risk for fractures.3 As a result of this serious condition, many people are affected by morbidity, mortality, and economic difficulty.1

Throughout a lifetime, old bone is removed (resorption) and new bone is added (formation) to the skeleton. During childhood and teenage years, new bone is added faster than old bone is removed. Consequently, bone become larger, heavier, and denser. Bone formation continues at a pace faster than resorption until peak bone mass, which is reached around age 30. After age 30, bone resorption slowly exceeds bone formation. In women, bone loss is most rapid in the first years after menopause but persists throughout the postmenopausal years. Based on year 2000 census data, it is estimated that 55% of people age 50 and older have either osteoporosis or low bone mass. The major risk

Osteoporosis is a medical condition in which the bones become brittle from the loss of tissue, generally as a result of specific changes. Risk factors that take part in the disease are things such as unchangeable risks like sex, age, race, family history and the size of the individual. Other risk factors include hormone levels and medication as well as dietary factors and life choices. Life choices that play a role are sedentary lifestyle these are people who spend a lot of time sitting have a higher risk of osteoporosis than do their more-active counterparts, weight-bearing exercise is beneficial for your bones to ensure the bone remolding cycle ensures them to grow strong (MayoClinic, 2013). Common symptoms that one should take into

Osteoporosis is the most common disease of the bone and the incidence of this condition is rising. Osteoporosis is estimated to effect 3 million people in the UK. A decreasing bone density in patient, especially in those above the age of 50, leads to bones becoming weak and therefore, there is an increased likelihood of fragility fractures. This condition is preventable and treatable however, it is often left undiagnosed and therefore, has major cost implications on the NHS. (National Osteoporosis Society, 2013a)

in the lowest position while in bed as well as having both side rails up can be courses of

Older adults with low bone density are at significant risk of getting Osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is known as a systemic skeletal disease with the characteristics of low bone mass and micro architectural deterioration of bone tissues [1]. Osteoporosis is usually diagnosed by testing an individual bone mass density. A score of -1.0 or above is the normal state an individual wants to get as a result after he or she takes the DXA-test (an instrument used to measure bone density). Anything below -1.0 and -2.5 means the individual has low bone density and should do something about it. Osteoporosis increases a person chances of bone fracture due to bone fragility. Bone mass density decreases as people age making osteoporosis more prevalent among older individuals [2]. In the US, there are more than 2 million fractures occurs annually as a result of osteoporosis, including 550,000 vertebral fractures and 300,000 hip fractures [3, 4]. Hospitalization, long-term care, impaired quality of life, disability and death are usually the events that occur after Osteoporotic fractures in older adults [5]. Osteoporosis is a viral disease that takes freedom away from older adults. It puts fear in older adult’s everyday life, which then leads to them not living their lives to the fullest like they would like to because they are afraid of breaking a bone or two which would lead to expensive medical bills. This limits the activities they can participate in or just makes them antisocial because if they aren’t going outside to “play”, they’ll be alone inside their room which could lead to depression and a very

In this peer reviewed article “Osteoporosis: advance in risk assessment and management” Julia Compston discusses ways in which to determine when a person is more likely to develop a fracture, the pharmacologic management of reducing that risk, along with commonly known and newly developed treatment options. This is very informative in the way that it teaches much more than what usually come to mind when we think of risks for fractures. For example, I’ve always thought age, obesity, and lack of calcium put you at risk; however Compston goes into a greater depth, even discussing the use of algorithms. Fracture risk prediction algorithms using clinical risk factors, with or without measurement of bone mineral density, have enabled more accurate

In a systematic review of nine phase 3 double blind, randomize controlled trials, Watt et al11 described the effect of canagliflozin on bone fracture risk in patients with T2DM. Studies where patients were treated with canagliflozin 100mg or 300mg for 1 year or longer were included in the study. Studies were excluded if they enrolled patients with type 1 diabetes, or severe renal dysfunction. Three of the studies were active controlled [glimepiride (1), and sitagliptin (2)]; canagliflozin was used in the treatment groups as monotherapy, or an add-on to metformin alone, metformin + sulfonylurea, or metformin + pioglitazone. The primary outcome evaluated was incidence of fracture adverse events defined as all fractures occurring at any time post randomization regardless of when the last does of the study medication was given. The primary outcome was assessed at the week

According to Osteoporosis (2011) “United States has the highest rate in the world in cases of osteoporosis. The National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) estimates that 10 million people (8 million women and 2 million men) in the United States have osteoporosis as of 2012” (Page 10).

The cases of osteoporosis are increasing and the cases need to be organized in order for one to be able to analyze the data and understand the variations within the disease. The bone mineral density (BMD) tests are designed to measure mineral density and compare it to a healthy score (Bone Mass Measurement: What the Numbers Mean). Using the BMD test a doctor can help with finding prevention or treatment strategies that are best

Osteoporotic fractures constitute a significant public health issue and are a major cause of morbidity, mortality, and the number of older adults admitted to the hospital (Johnell & Kanis, 2006). Being osteoporotic, aggravates the incidence of fractures in elderly. The demand for the management of osteoporosis is expanding, because of the increase in incident rate and evolving understanding of the disease (Kanis, 2002; Kanis, Johansson, Oden, & McCloskey, 2009). It was estimated that by 2050 the global prevalence of hip fracture will be increased by 240% and 310% in women and men, respectively (Gullberg, Johnell, & Kanis, 1997). Furthermore the projected number of individuals with hip fracture will be increased up to 6.26 million by 2050 (Sambrook

Diabetes is a common chronic disease that causes problems in the way the blood uses food. The inability of the body to transform the sugar into energy is called diabetes. Glucose, a simple sugar, is the primary source of fuel for our bodies. When food is digested, some of the food will be converted into glucose which is then transferred from the blood into the cells however, insulin, which is produced by beta cells in the pancreas is needed. In individuals with diabetes, this process is impaired.

Osteoporosis is a common bone disorder that has many symptoms. The most common symptoms are fractures. There are many different types of fractures such as hip, wrist, and spine fractures. Fractures indicate that the person has osteoporosis. Osteoporosis with fractures is unrecognized in the clinical setting. Therefore, a diagnosis of osteoporosis can be conducted by the Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) which is an efficient tool for evaluate the probability of bone fracture risk. FRAX mainly depends on the bone mineral density. Because bone mineral density is considered to be the standard measure for the diagnosis of osteoporosis and the assessment of fracture risk. Although osteoporosis has no obvious symptoms, FRAX provides significant information to diagnose osteoporosis.1

Osteoporosis is described by the NHS as “a condition that weakens bones” and is fairly common, affecting roughly 3 million, with more than 300,000 people receiving treatment each year. Fractures are extremely common as the weakened bones are more susceptible to damage, even coughing may cause vertebral damage. Osteoporosis can be classified as type I or II, “both type I and type II osteoporosis occur through an imbalance between total skeletal bone formation and bone resorption which is sustained over many years” (Theobald, 2005), and are related to a lack of vitamin