Diabetic Neephropathy Research Paper

They include: heart and blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, nerves, gums and teeth. In regards to the heart and blood vessels, there are approximately 65% of death that is caused by diabetes due to major complication of heart disease and stroke. In the peripheral artery diseases diabetes also plays a major role in the cause of poor blood flow in the legs and feet. Many studies show that controlling diabetes can prevent or stop the progression of heart and blood vessel disease. Blood vessel damage or nerve damage may also lead to foot problems that can lead to amputations. More than 60% of leg and foot amputations not related to an injury are due to diabetes. Another complication of diabetes is the leading cause of blindness in the U.S. There has been a number of eye problems that if not addressed can lead to eye blindness which include: glaucoma,cataracts and diabetic retinopathy. Ninety percent of diabetic-related blindness as study shown could be prevented if there would be regular eye exams and timely treatment of diabetes-related eye problems. Furthermore, kidney failure is also one leading cause of further complication that resulted from uncontrolled diabetes in the U.S. It is said that drugs that help lower blood pressure can help the chance to developing kidney failure by 33%. Also diabetes on nerves can lead to loss of sensation or pain and burning of the feet because nerves are harmed due to over time high blood sugar levels. It can also

Injury to the glomerulus and the tubules presents the onset of Intra-renal failure (Matzke, 2011). Some of the frequent causes for Intra-renal failure are glomerulonephritis; pyelonephritis; and tubular injury. Post-renal failure develops from things like ureteroliths, tumors, or anatomic impediments. Opposite of the acute form, the chronic form has a slow onset that has no early stage symptoms. It is important to know that following an acute episode a chronic renal episode often follows, and at this juncture the damage is irreversible. Glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis combined, has been reported to be the forerunner in as much as half the cases from acute to chronic renal failure. Diabetes mellitus, renal vascular disease, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, polycystic kidney disease, drug damage, and nephrolith are all examples of other causes of CKD (Pradeep, 2014). Biopsies of kidneys that suffered with CKD reveal smaller kidneys with scarring on the tubules.

The disease may cause similar changes in the blood vessels of the kidneys. This condition, called diabetic nephropathy, may lead to kidney failure. The nerves may also be affected by diabetes. This complication, known as diabetic neuropathy, can result in loss of feeling or abnormal sensations in different parts of the body.

If diabetes is not diagnosed at an early stage, individuals will not notice the presence of the symptoms until they experience trouble with their heart, brain, kidney, and etc. Therefore, it is always best to speak to a health care provider or ones doctor regarding hypertension. In 2009, Americans visited their health care providers more than 55 million times to treat their high blood pressure. (Roger, Lloyd-Jones, 2012). One can also prevent the risk of hypertension by exercising regular, maintaining a healthy body weight, and avoiding heavy salt intake and excess alcohol use. Treatment is also available for hypertension. Various drugs like diuretics which work on the kidney to flush out excess water and salt from one’s body, beta and

The heart, nerves, blood vessels, kidneys, eyes and other organs can be negatively impacted by uncontrolled diabetes. The goal is to keep the blood sugar normal most of the time to avoid these complications.

Uncontrolled diabetes can cause damage to the heart, but does not cause damage to the kidneys or blood vessels.

Microvascular complications. - those resulting from damage to small blood vessels - are the most common complications of diabetes and include:

According to National Kidney Foundation (2010), the majority of people with diabetes tend to develop kidney disease. This is probably the result of poor or improper dietary and life-style practices, although genetics seem to be a factor. This makes it the single leading cause of kidney failure. High blood pressure/Hypertension is another pre-disposing factor of kidney failure. This disease is also aggravated by improper dietary and life-style practices. High blood pressure/Hypertension speeds up the loss of kidney function and eventually leads to kidney failure. It also appears to have genetic and familial factors (National Kidney Foundation, 2010).

High blood sugar levels caused by diabetes damage blood vessels in the kidneys. If the blood sugar level remains high over many years, this damage gradually reduces the function of the kidneys. Uncontrolled high blood pressure damages blood vessels, which can lead to damage in the kidneys. And blood pressure often rises with chronic kidney disease, so high blood pressure may further damage kidney function even when another medical condition initially caused the disease. Kidney is one of the major systems in your body and can lead to kidney failure and become more complicated than what it’s already is. Along with this causes there are some signs and symptoms that’s included such as nausea and vomiting, fever, painful urinary, increase in urgency, sudden intense abdomen pain, lack of sleep, depression, lack of nutrient, abdominal mass, imbalance pH.

When a person has diabetes, depending on the type, the body is unable to absorb the glucose, leading to hyperglycemia. When the sugar concentration remains high for prolonged periods of time, the kidney has to increase its reabsorption and the glucose will be excreted in the urine. The increase in glucose causes osmotic pressure in the urine so the kidney reabsorbs water as well. An increase in water reabsorption leads to dehydration. When the glucose is not properly reabsorbed the body cannot store it in crucial areas such as the liver and muscles. Without energy to perform reactions, the body cannot perform crucial metabolic mechanisms such as protein synthesis. The body begins to lose energy and as a result, damage is done to various

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) refers to a characteristic set of structural and functional kidney abnormalities in patients with diabetes.1 It is the most important long-term complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). It is a progressive condition with high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. It progresses in both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes in a relatively predictable manner through the stages of normoalbuminuria, microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria which often heralds increasing creatinine as the final manifestation of overt diabetic nephropathy.2 One study at BPKIHS has reported 16.6% prevalence of diabetic nephropathy.3 In another study done at BPKIHS among 177 Type2 DM patients, 14.69% had frank proteinuria, 44.64% had micro-albuminuria and 40.68% were without proteinuria.4 Diabetes nephropathy is now the most common cause of End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) in United States accounting for 45%.5 From several studies it is seen that ESRD develops in 50% of Type 1 DM individuals with overt nephropathy within 10 years and in >75% by 20 years. In the absence of treatment a greater proportion with patient with Type 2 Diabetes compared with Type 1 Diabetes have microalbuminuria and overt nephropathy at or shortly after diagnosis of diabetes. This is because the disease may have been present for several years before

Drug therapy consists of; Lasix, antihypertensives, antiemetics, H-2 blockers, erythropoietin, vitamins and electrolyte balancing agents (phosphate, calcium, V-D, Vit-B, and amino acids. Dialysis is mostly the patient’s only way of survival. Nutritional therapy is encouraging patients to avoid ↑Ca and ↑ protein foods. Fluid restriction is important since the kidneys have a difficult time excreting. If left untreated the patient would essentially die. The fluid overload combined with the toxicity of the left over wastes would shut down the body’s organs and death would occur.

CAUSES OF ALBUMINURIA High blood pressure, Congestive heart failure  Metabolic syndrome, or kidney damage from nephrotic syndrome ALBUMINURIA is seen in all forms of acute and chronic renal diseases GLUCOSE Glucose is found in the blood and is the main sugar that the body manufactures Glucosuria- The presence of glucose or blood sugar in urine is. It may indicate that the person has diabetes. Diabetes Mellitus -  condition in which the pancreas no longer produces  enough insulin or cells stop responding to the insulin that is produced, so that glucose in the blood cannot be absorbed int o  the cells of the body. SYMPTOMS OF DIABETES MELLITUS  frequent urination increased thirst  increased hunger The treatment includes changes in diet, oral  medications, and in some cases, daily injecti ons of  insulin.

One of the diseases is diabetes mellitus which is a major cause of renal failure. This disease can be defined as an increase of fasting blood glucose that is affected by a deficiency in insulin hormone. The normal range for glucose (fasting) in the blood is 2.8-6.0 mmol/L. It is classified into two groups, type 1 (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) and type 2 (non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus). Stein (2008, p.6) points out that kidney failure happens most often when patients have suffered from diabetes mellitus for more than 10 years. According to United States Renal Data System (USRDS) report in 2007, approximately 44% of primary causes of renal failure is diabetes mellitus in the United States in 2005. Also, Stein (2008) indicates that 15% of dialysis patients are influenced by diabetes mellitus in the United Kingdom. Diabetes mellitus has negative affects throughout the kidneys where the increase of the range of blood sugar causes the damages to the cells in the kidneys. This leads to the presence of the glucose in the urine which is known as glycosuric.

When treating kidney disease it is important to control the underlying disease that is causing the damage to the kidneys. If diabetes is diagnosed keeping blood glucose levels under control and if high blood pressure is the cause keeping blood pressure under control with a reading of 130/80. Medication can be helpful such as ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers. Acute renal failure the main goal is to get the kidneys functioning again the physician may limit the amount of fluids taken in daily along with antibiotics to protect against any infections and diuretics to help with fluid removal. In some cases patient will require dialysis for a short period of time. Treating end-stage renal failure requires dialysis and or transplants.