Diagnosis And Treatment Of Prostate Cancer

TREATMENT of localized prostate cancer usually includes prostatectomy and radiation therapy, occasionally augmented with hormonal therapies. However, Fu et al., (2012) have noted that recurrence of prostate cancer occurs in about 15% of patients within 5 years after prostatectomy and in about 40% patients within 10 years. Although, more than 70% of patients are expected to survive for more than 10 years after prostatectomy, radiation or hormone therapy, Cooperberg et al.,(2010) argued that localized prostate cancer patients with intermediate or high risk scores have higher mortality rate after these treatments. With chemotherapies as the existing treatment options for metastatic prostate cancers, patients are expected to have only a median survival of 12-15 months. Bono et al.,(2006). However, most of these traditional treatments are invasive and riddled with adverse side effects. Therefore, novel therapies are on high demand for the treatment of the malignant and recurrent forms of prostate cancer after these

Educating males on the severity of prostate cancer in their culture and the importance in screening for the condition can save many lives. It is our job, as healthcare professionals, to provide this patient population with a means and strategy capable of reducing the prevalence of prostate cancer. Many men are not aware but routine screening should start when one reaches his 50’s or 40’s if he is from a high-risk group or has a family history of the disease. (Sandiford, L., & D’Errico, E. 2016, p86) According to Anderson & Mashall-Lucette (2016), African American men are disinclined to participate in screening programs due to fear that the digital rectal exam can lead to homosexuality or changes in masculinity, a diagnosis may be discovered, lack of knowledge surrounding the diagnosis and family history, socioeconomic status, changes in one’s sex life, and developing sexual or urinary dysfunction.

Prostate cancer is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer and the sixth leading cause of cancer death in males. Incidence rates vary more than 25-fold worldwide, with the highest rates in the developed countries this may be due to the widespread use of prostate-specific antigen testing and subsequent prostate biopsy in these regions [1]. Overall, the complex morphology, histologic heterogeneity, and the early signs of high malignant potential preclude a straightforward assessment of the metastatic potential of localized prostate carcinoma and show the requirement for extra clinical and pathologic tests for the evaluation of prostate carcinoma stage and clinical behavior[2]

Research has indicated that prostate cancer is more likely to be observed rather than treated directly. These observations come from the University of California, San Francisco, where the concerns of overtreatment are being addressed.

There are men who can be in a percentile of having prostate cancer and unaware of what is going on with their body do to the lack of knowledge about prostate cancer. One main reason most men are unaware of the dangers of this illness is because it is not talked about enough amongst their peers. The advertisement is very veg to whom prostate cancer effects and may not be advertised enough. According to cancer.org there are about one in every seven men that will be diagnosed with prostate cancer in the ages of 65 and older, and it is rare before age 40. Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in American men, behind only lung cancer. About one in every 36 men diagnosed will die of prostate cancer. Just as all men have a prostate all men should be aware of what the terms and symptoms of prostate cancer are and what can be done to help slow this growing illness.

About 1 in every 7 males will be diagnosed with prostatic carcinoma, or prostate cancer, in their lifetime (American Cancer Society, 2015). This scary statistic proves just how serious prostate cancer is. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 180,000 cases of prostate cancer are diagnosed in the United States. Of the 180,000, 32,000 result in death from the disease each year (American Cancer Society, 2015). This paper will explore what prostate cancer is, the diagnosis process, and possible treatment options for the disease.

Prostate cancer is a common illness among men in the United States and around the world. Authors Elaine N. Marieb and Katja

In the case with over diagnosing, the screening process for determining if a person has prostate cancer. The US Preventive Service Task Force (USPSTF) states, “the potential benefit of testing does not outweigh the expected harms” meaning there can be more harm than good. The controversy fixed whether prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing being suitable and helpful when diagnosing prostate cancer. It is recommended that the doctor talks to the patient about how they are feeling and listen to them if they are having difficulties urinating. The doctor can also examine the prostate itself by performing a Digital rectal exam (DRE). The other controversy is over-treatment of prostate cancer. Its controversial due to the medication the person and haw potently they are, ““infection or inflammation of the prostate (prostatitis) may increase the chance for prostate cancer while another study shows infection may help prevent prostate cancer by increasing blood to the area.” Every man’s body is different and is going to react differently to

Discovery of prostate cancer vaccination has added to the chances of prostate cancer survival because the vaccine not only curbs the recurrence of the disease but also has the efficiency of breaking down the tumor, which leads to complete relief from the disease. Besides these, the other factors that affect the patient's life span are family history and lifestyle of the

Wolf, A. M. D., Wender, R. C., Etzioni, R. B., Thompson, I. M., D'Amico, A. V., Volk, R. J., … & Smith, R. A. (2010), American Cancer Society Guideline for the Early Detection of Prostate Cancer: Update 2010. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 60(2), 70–98.

An article published by the Quality of Life research did an extensive study that showed that testicular cancer is among the most commonly occurring cancers in young men aged between 15 and 49 years of age (Kim, C., Mcglynn, K. A., Mccorkle, R., Erickson, R. L., Niebuhr, D. W., Ma, S., Zhang, Y. (2011). According to the Testicular Cancer Society (Innovations, I. L. n.d.), testicular cancer is highly treatable. Testicular cancer has one of the highest survival rates of all cancers with the rate of 99%. The mortality rate of testicular cancer varies depending on the region studied, for example, mortality is the lowest in North America, Northern Europe, and Australia with a rate of 0.1-0.2% reported. “Testicular cancer ASIR(Age-standardized incidence rate) is highest in Western Europe (7.8%), Northern Europe (6.7%), and Australia (6.5%). Asia and

In order to be treated for prostate cancer, there are several factors doctors must first look into. One of the most important factors is “what are the benefits/side effects of the treatment”? Sometimes no immediate treatment is necessary, mainly in men who were diagnosed in early stages. Some men may never need treatment at all, some just require surveillance of the prostate over time. Active surveillance requires the male to have regular appointments, blood test and rectal exams to keep watch on the prostate and the progression of the cancerous cells. The first form of treatment is radiation therapy. Radiation therapy is the use of high-powered energy to kill cancerous cells. This form of therapy can be administered in two

Prostate cancer is one of the most common sexual diseases men. It rarely causes death in men younger than 50 years old “For older men with prostate cancer, a focus on prevention and management of comorbid health conditions is an important aspect of their health” (Ketchandji, Melanie, et al. 29), and most of deaths occur in men who are older than 75 year old (Qaseem, Denberg, Owens, & Shekelle, 2013). African American men have higher risk of getting prostate cancer than all other men (Oliver, 2007). Prostate cancer is a disease where malignant cells are detected in the prostate. Prostate is a very important sexual glad for all men it is located below the bladder, and its job is to make a fluid that becomes a part of semen.

The brochure’s topic on Prostate Cancer Screening is consistent with Healthy People (HP) 2020 objectives on cancer. While the overall objective for all cancers is to “Reduce the number of new cancer cases, as well as the illness, disability, and death caused by cancer” (HP 2020, 2010), the specific objective for prostate cancer is to reduce prostate cancer death rate.

Although epidemiological studies, so far, do not support an association between total cholesterol and prostate cancer survival, an association between