Diazepam Research Paper

Ketamine was developed in the 1960’s as a dissociative anesthetic. In 1970 the federal government for human use approved it.5 It became very popular as a battlefield anesthetic because of its quick onset and ability not to knock out a patient’s respiratory drive. The first evidence of illicit drug abuse of ketamine was in the late 1970’s and early 1980’s on the west cost of the US.2 It can be know on the street as “Special K, Vitamin K, Jet, and Super Acid.”8 In its illegal form it is often used as a date rape drug.2

Xanax is a benzodiazepine that is most often used to treat anxiety. The effects of benzodiazepines mainly come from their ability to alter the movement of the inhibitory transmitter known as GABAa. GABA is triggered to release when it then can bind to the GABAa receptor. The binding of the two causes the ion channel to open and chloride ions are sent across the cell membrane. This causes the inhibitory factor by depolarizing the membrane (Griffin et al., 2013).

Adderall is a form of amphetamine, legally used in a limited number of countries, primarily the United States and Canada, for the treatment of: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It is available in 2 forms: instant release and extended release. Both forms are suitable for the treatment for ADHD. When used for short periods as prescribed by a physician, Adderall has the positive effect of counteracting symptoms of ADHD. This happens by: Increasing the availability of certain neurotransmitters like norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain. These brain chemicals are responsible for boosting alertness, attention, and energy levels.

These are ligand gated chloride-selective ion channels that become activated by GABA. The binding of the previously stated substances increases the binding of GABA, this has the effect of increasing the total transport of chloride ions across the cell membrane of the neuron. The increase in chloride ions within the neuron, hyperpolarizing the membrane potential. Therefore, the difference in resting potential and threshold potential is increased, this causes firing to be less likely. This decreases the chances of firing within the neurons. Causing the desired outcomes, such as initiate sleep and a calming effect (Tan et al., 2011). Diazepam can cause such outcomes in two ways, the first by increasing the binding ability of GABA to activate the receptor and the second by increasing the chance of chloride channel opening as a response to GABA binding. Secobarbital sodium is similar due to producing the same effects as diazepam at lower concentrations but when the concentration rises. Secobarbital sodium directly activates the GABA receptor. This suggests two binding sites which are specific to barbiturates. This explains the higher 96 hour LD50 values compared to diazepam (Makkar et

The purpose of this paper is to go into extensive research on Alprazolam aka “Xanax” in the duration of this paper, it will be evident the impact that this drug can have on the human body and in my instances, it will be apparent not only how helpful it can be but how life damaging it can be, if not taken safely and carefully. This report will go into extensive detail on the psychodynamics of the drug as well as the pharmacokinetics. Alprazolam is quite powerful and mind altering the affects that it can have on the body can be very intense, especially if not taking carefully which is why it is vital to make sure that you take the recommended doses taken by your doctor, failure to do so can result in death.

There are three formulations of naloxone available outside of the clinical or hospital setting: intramuscular (IM) injection, needleless intranasal (IN) spray, and an auto-injector. Both IM and IN formulations are generally sold in kits that include two doses and two delivery devices. Each IM injection kit should include two naloxone 0.4 mg/ml vials and two IM syringes. Each IN kit should include two naloxone 2 mg/2 ml prefilled syringes (needleless) and two atomizers. Either formulation kit should include step-by-step instructions for responding to an opioid overdose, as well as detailed instructions for device assembly and administration (Figure 3). Naloxone also comes in a twin-pack IM auto-injector (Evzio), which provides voice instructions for use. Although convenient to administer, it is a more expensive alternative than the IM or IN kits, as it is brand only (Table 3). Naloxone, in any formulation, does not work if administered

The classification of Phenobarbital is a depressant. A depressant can be called a "downer." These drugs come in tablets, capsules, and liquid form. A further classification of phenobarbital is that it is a barbiturate. A barbiturate is a drug used as a sedative or as a sleeping aid (Depressants). Even though depressants can be helpful to patients who suffer from seizures, they can become an addiction and can cause physical and physiological dependency. Addiction is the name of the state when an individual is completely dependent on a drug and abuses it even when they are aware that it is harmful. After the first couple of days of taking a barbiturate, a person could feel tired and becomes uncoordinated. With daily use, the body becomes accustomed

Benzodiazepine receptors are linked mainly to γ amino butyric acid (GABA) receptors, which sensitize benzodiazepine receptors to the neurotransmitter GABA, the most prominent inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

Methaqualones were first introduced in India in 1955. This drug was then sent to Europe and Japan as a safe barbiturate substitute. By 1965 it had become the most commonly prescribed sedative in England. It was also at this time that it was gaining popularity as a street drug, under the names Mandies or

It is also used to treat normal sleeping patterns and appetite, and for reducing anxiety. It works by modifying the activity of relevant neurotransmitter pathways.Some of the categories of antidepressants, defined in (Queensland state Government, 2018) are :

For the expression of inhibitory activity, the presence of an electronegative group is present at this position (Hruby & Vardanyan, 2006). This type of benzodiazepine is readily absorbed in the body, with peak concentrations times in the plasma of around one to two hours after administration (Xanax, 2014). The presence of an –OH group make compounds less lipophilic and thus are absorbed slower (Griffin, Kaye, & Kaye, 2013). Since there isn’t any –OH group attached to alprazolam, it is a high protein bound agent (80%), and has a fast absorption rate and onset of action (Griffin, Kaye, & Kaye, 2013). With faster absorption rates, means a faster distribution rate to the brain and the GABA-A receptors (Griffin, Kaye, & Kaye, 2013)Alprazolam is metabolized by the cytochrome P450 enzymes into two major metabolites called 4-hydroxyalprazolam and α-hydroxyalprazolam (Alprazolam Intensol, n.d.). The drug and its metabolites are then excreted in the urine (Alprazolam Intensol, n.d.). The synthesis of alprazolam is from 2-chloroquinoline (Crasto, n.d.) (Refer to Appendix

These drugs work within an individual’s system in order to enhance a sense of calm, serenity and relaxation. Furthermore, the sedation effect causes an individual to feel less stress, anxiety, or worry.

Like Xanax, Valium is a depressant in the benzodiazepine category. Valium is used to treat many medical conditions, including anxiety, panic attacks, insomnia, tetanus, vertigo, seizures, oxygen toxicity, and stimulant overdose. Valium is also used as a sedative. The World Health Organization has listed Valium on its list of essential drugs due to its variety of medical uses.

The first compounds of the triazolobenzodiazepine structure were synthesized at the end of the 1960s by a team of specialists from the USA, but it was 10 years before the tranquilizers appeared in the triadolobenzodiazepine group. Alprazolam (Xanax), which has been on sale since 1981, is

After researching many different websites almost all website gave a list of ways to reduce or prevent having anxiety all together. First thing to do is laugh it off. Sounds a little odd right? Well let me explain. When the body laughs even if it is a fake laugh the body instantly releases a chemical known as Dopamine. This chemical is a "feel good" chemical. It is the chemical that makes the human body feel more cheerful. Thus allowing the anxiety to calm down. The second thing on the list is to have a scheduled relaxation time. Throughout the day the body tends to become tense and can become extremely stressed some days. In order to reduce the tension, and stress levels it is best to set a time aside to have relaxation time. Allow the body to relax for at least thirty minutes by taking slow deep breaths, and allowing all the problems to just be gone for those thirty minutes. The next step is to read a book, practice yoga, or even just drinking tea. Allowing the body to relax even just for a short while will allow tension and stress to be majorly reduced. The third and final thing to reduce anxiety is to eat healthy. Have someone ever told you the saying " you are what you eat?" Well that is actually