Dictyocaulus Viviparous Research Paper

In our fourth and final lab for Biology 100, we are dealing with the beetle larva mealworms. This worm-like animal is, in fact, not a worm; they are larva for the tenebrionid beetle. These larvae are most commonly used in order to feed household pets. For example: reptiles, fish, and birds. Tenebrio larvae are also considered pests to the most businesses.

In part 2 of the experiment we are inducing RNAi through the process of feeding. To do so, a black pen is used to label the bottom of an OP50 seeded plate with the date and “wild type”. Another OP50 seeded plate is labeled with the date and “dpy-13”. A black pen is then used to label the bottom of the plate seeded with dpy-13 RNAi feeding strain with the date and “wild type”. Five L4-stage worms from the plate of wild type worms are then picked and moved to the OP50 seeded plate labeled “wild type”. Any eggs or young larvae that may have been accidentally transferred are to be picked off of the plate and then flamed in a Bunsen burner. The same method is used to move five L4 wild type worms to the plate seeded with the dpy-13 RNAi feeding strain, and once again to move five L4 dpy-13 worms to the OP50 seeded plate labeled “dpy-13”. These plates are then incubated upside down at 20˚C.

The lifecycle of a heartworms begins when a female mosquito ingest blood containing microfilariae from a heartworm infected animal. Inside the body of the mosquito, the microfilariae develops into first stage larvae (L1) and then undergoes two more process to develop into third stage larvae (L3) of which is the infective stage. Depending on the temperature, this development process can take between eight and thirty days. At this point, when the infected mosquito attaches to a cat and feeds on its blood, the third-stage larva is transferred into the mosquito bite wound. Within three days of entering the cat, the L3 molt to the L4 stage in the tissues and muscles that lay just below the skin of the cat. After about two months of migrating through the muscles and tissues, the L4 undergoes a final development into immature adult heartworms. Seventy to ninety days post infection, the immature adult heartworms then enter a peripheral vein and are carried by the cat’s blood circulation system to the caudal pulmonary arteries. This is where the majority of heartworms are cleared from the cat due to a mass immune response, but a few may continue development into adults. Once the heartworm develop into adults, they invade the heart first and then spread to other organs in the body and cause

Since the trematodes infect freshwater snails then pass the cercarias to the young or adult flies, elimination of standing water (or access to a natural water source) decreases risk of the fly becoming infected and dying in grazing fields. Potomac Horse Fever is a non-contagious disease, but carcasses of infected flies can also be brought onto a property through hay or feed. Biosecurity against PHF includes monitoring all hay and feed that comes into a property and avoiding the runoff of water from other properties. Six strains of the disease have been isolated and a vaccine has been developed, given in multiple doses. The vaccine is a killed, adjuvanted product, but does not carry a label for the prevention of abortion in mares, nor does it actively protect against the disease. The vaccine is effective in speeding up recovery and lessoning symptoms. Due to the low risk of foals contracting it, foal vaccination in recommended as a 2-dose series at 3-4 week intervals after the age of 5 months. Horses that haven’t been previously vaccinated (including pregnant mares) are administered a series of 2 doses at 3-4 week intervals; for pregnant mares, schedule so the 2nd dose is 4-6 weeks before foaling. Horses that have been vaccinated (including pregnant mares) receive vaccination semi-annually; pregnant mares need to have 1 dose schedules 4-6 weeks before foaling. Again, the vaccine does not

In addition to causing a problem with the snail population, the New Guinea Flatworm is also bringing a massive problem into the U.S. that deeply affects humans. This problem is a parasite called the rat lungworm, which New Guinea Flatworms carry. These parasites burrow into the brain and can be spread to humans. The symptoms of those infected with rat lungworm are muscle aches and light sensitivity, but most people recover without ever knowing what

Dallin Ashby, a graduated UF entomology master's student, normally spits crickets with his 11-year-old son Myles Ashby when they participate in BugFest. But this year, his 8-year-old daughter, Eliza Ashby, said she was going to try too.

The new guinea flatworm is from the united states of America.this worm is native to the island of New Guinea where it was originally to have been found in. You can find these worms in tropical areas,coastlands ,planted forests, riparian zones shrubs and urban areas as well.it feeds on earthworms ,slugs and arthopods. This worm can harm the snail called The Giant East African Snail. This worm also can mainly eat mollusks and it especially likes to prey on snail. To hunt for it's prey the worm deposits itself to the bottom of a cabbage leave. It also can follow snail mucus trails to find it`s trail. It also has a infectious rate at least 14.1% and this thing usually lives on cabbage leaves. This worm not only affects the whole population of animals or a specific area this worm can affect humans as

The most common way this disease is transmitted from one animal to the next is through mosquitoes. A mosquito carrying infective heartworm larvae bites a dog and transmits the infection to them. The larvae grow, develop, and migrate in the body over a period of 6 to 7 months, in which time they become sexually mature male and female worms. this is the prepatent period. The worms then reside in the heart, lungs, and associated blood vessels. The worms begin to mate and release microfilaria into the blood

Without the presence of bovine dung beetles in Australia, the dung from imported cattle has cluttered pastures and fashioned vermin. Research has questioned if the imbalance between bovine dung beetles and dung were to be stabilized, then the pastures would be used to their best ability and the growth of insect pests would decrease. Due to intensive research on the effects of the imported Afro-Asian Onthophagus gazella in Hawaii, the O. gazella dung beetle was introduced to Australia after undergoing thorough sterile conditions to destroy potentially harmful mites and other transferrable germs. The results of the importation were the elimination of a bovine dung pad in about 24 hours, the fertilization and richness of the soil, and the elimination

The different phases of the C. immitis life cycle is a saprobic phase which takes place while the fungus is in the soil and a parasitic phase which begins once the fungus is present in a host. As the fungus matures in the soil, arthroconidia, the pathogenic spores, form along the mycelia as alternating cells(Lewis, “Dust”). After the arthroconidia are fully matured they break off from the mycelia, becoming environmentally resistant spores that can live in the soil for months or years. The spores lie dormant, waiting for soil disruption from farming or construction to send them floating through the air. Once the spores are inhaled, the parasitic phase begins as the arthroconidia convert into large spherules that produce many small, single-celled endospores. The rupturing of the spherules causes the endospores to be spread throughout the lungs, infecting the bronchi and alveoli and starting the parasitic phase all over again with each endospore maturing into a spherule. The parasitic phase of C. immitis is fairly short, with a spore transforming to a rupture-ready spherule within five days after

The Argentine Cactus Moth, Cactoblastis cactorum Berg (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), an invasive insect in North America, poses the serious threat to native, endangered opuntioid species in the southeastern USA as well as with the potential to cause a major infestation of commercial and agricultural cactus crops in Mexico. The Cactus Moth was first reported in the Florida Keys in 1989 and later spread throughout the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States. The Cactus moth outbreak in the southeastern US possibly will affect the entire desert ecosystem because wild opuntioid species of these regions provide nesting sites and food for a variety of wildlife and contribute to soil stability. Efforts to control the North American spread of the

Another disease of decaying material is Blastomysosis. This is a canine fungal infection caused by the organism Blastomyses dermatitidis. This fungus has spores, which can be found in decaying wood and in wet, dark, wooded areas located near water sources. In dry, windy conditions, or when the area is disturbed, the spores become air-borne. Infection occurs first in the lungs when the animal inhales contaminated soil spores, then migrates to the eyes, bones, tissues, brain, and testes. Canine companions on walks with their owners on wooded, river banks are susceptible of contracting this disease. Animals who contract this disease have symptoms of fever, lethargy, appetite decrease, and weight loss. Diagnostic x-rays of the thoracic region should be taken and urine, blood, bronchial aspirates, cerebrospinal fluid, and drainage of skin lesions should have their cells analyzed. Antifungal agents are used in treatment, such as Itraconazole. Antifungal Fluconazole is used when the disease has infected the central nervous system. Voriconazole is good antifungal to use for ocular infections. When the antifungal drugs begin to work, the dangerous period for the canine is in the first 24 to 72 hours when the

Heartworm disease, also known as dirofilariasis, occurs when a parasitic worm (dirofilaria immitis) makes its way into the cat's system. The disease is serious and causes heart failure, severe lung disease, organ failure and death. The risk of complications from heartworm disease depends on the number of worms that are in the cat's body, the cat's response to the worms and the period of time the worms remain in the cat.

Acute Avian Aspergillus can create a loss of appetite and can cause severe difficulty when breathing. This can be seen by the bird showing signs of accelerated breathing, gasping and voice changes. An infected bird might also have abnormal excretion, a strong thirst with excessive urination or show signs of emaciation and central nervous system damage. This severe damage will be evident in an obvious lack of muscular coordination and mobility; the bird might also hold its head at an unnatural angles. Central nervous system damage will only occur if the fungal infection reaches the brain. The most common signs of Avian Aspergillosis are drooped wings and rapid opening and closing of the bird’s bill. The fungus usually affects the respiratory region including the trachea, lungs and syrinx; the infection can however spread to the kidneys, brain, skin, and muscles. Since Aspergillus can be fatal, a lot of birds are diagnosed post-mortem. The signs from an autopsy can include brain tissue death or meningoencephalitis; white nodules can also be evident. These small growths are evidently what cause erosion through the tissue, enabling a vast amount of conidia to enter the

Parasitic nematodes cause diseases of major economic importance in sheep .The lungworm , Dictyocaulus filaria , represents one of these nematodes inhabits bronchi and bronchioles and cause parasitic bronchitis (commonly known as ‘husk) particularly in young sheep ( Holzhauer et al., 2011). Dictyocaulus filaria has direct life cycle, embryonated eggs are coughed up or swallowed and hatch in the small intestine then first-stage larvae are passed in faeces. Under favorable environmental conditions, first-stage larvae moult to second-stage larvae and then infective en-sheathed third-stage larvae that actively move from faeces to herbage and are ingested by the grazing sheep. Following ingestion, third-stage larvae ex-sheath in the small intestine, penetrate the intestinal wall and enter the mesenteric lymph nodes. Here, larvae develop,