Difference Between Blok And Air 1982b

The article first addresses the issue of whether or not to consider viruses as living. Although viruses used to be thought of as being biological chemicals due to the fact that they consist of nucleic acids

* Flaviviruses: share a common size (40-60nm), symmetry (enveloped, icosahedral nucleocapsid), nucleic acid (positive-sense, single stranded RNA approximately 10,000-11,000 bases), and appearance in the electron microscope. Therefore, images of West Nile virus are representative for this group of viruses.

Every year, millions of people start talking about the influenza virus and getting their vaccines as the flu season approaches, which starts around the October-November period and reaches its peak between December and March. Therefore, public health officials around the world- and in the U.S in particular- are constantly challenged by properly preparing for the annual influenza dilemma, given that this viruses, and other respiratory viruses, are a serious health threat to the U.S population and the world as a whole. Furthermore, what makes the influenza virus even more challenging to control is that it can mutate rapidly and reassort to form new strains, having the ability to reside in multiple animal hosts. In fact, many scientists and researchers have been doing in-depth intensive research so as to understand the mechanism behind this unique characteristic of the virus, try to find new ways to control it, and explore different areas of protection and vaccination.

Step 1: How will you identify the “vital” cellular protein that the virus targets for degradation? (Hint: think proteomics). (3 pts.)

virus” (AAV), because they are able to “insert their genetic material at a specific site

There is still a great deal of information to learn from the study of viruses and the continued exploration of the viral genome is crucial in understanding how viruses communicate, transmit from host to host and evade immune responses. The ever-change nature of the viral genome has shown us that the most dangerous viral infections of today may be undermined by newer and more effective viruses, resulting in catastrophic outcomes. Through the study of viruses, it is the hope of the scientific community to be ahead of the viral curve, preventing infections before they even

Influenza is a virus and is therefore classified as not-living. The actual virus is roughly spherical. Their size ranges from 80 to 120 nm (really, really small). One distinct feature of the influenza virus is the 500 “spikes” of the external layer, these are to assist with identifying and

IAV is a virus classified as part of the orthomyxoviridae and one of the causative agents of influenza or “the flu”. (Edinger, Pohl & Stertz, 2014) Its natural reservoir is primarily wild aquatic fowl where it is mostly nonpathogenic, though zoonotic infections can occur in mammals and domestic fowl. (Klenk, Matrosovich & Stech, 2008) The jump between species often results in the establishment of highly pathogenic variants that can have devastating effects, as was the case of the “Spanish” influenza pandemic of 1918. (Taubenberger, 2006) The infection across special barriers is dependent on changes to the structure of glycoproteins on the viral envelope, particularly haemagglutinin (HA). The different subtypes of HA and neuraminidase (NA) serve to classify different viral lineages. These changes in the structure can result in proteolytic activation; that when coupled to changes of receptor binding specificity allow for interspecies transmission. (Klenk, Matrosovich & Stech, 2008) The modifications can affect the pathogenicity of the virus even within the same species, which can allow for infection of new cell types, or even systemic disease. (Steinhauer, 1999) These mutations accumulate through successive replications or genetic re-assortment during confection. The resulting structural changes account for the observed antigenic drift that causes loss of immunity despite prior exposures to the virus. This evolutionary process drives the consistent

The influenza virus usually has a round shape; it can be elongated or even have an irregular shape at times. In addition, it has a layer of spikes on its exterior. Note that there are two different types of these spikes. Each spike has its own protein, one is the hemagglutinin (HA) protein and the other is the neuraminidase (NA) protein. The HA protein lets the virus to attach to a cell, so it can enter into a host cell and start the infection process (every virus must enter cells in order to make more copies of themselves). The NA protein is needed for the virus to leave the host cell, so that new viruses that were made inside the host cell can infect more cells. Because these proteins are present on the surface of the virus, they are visible to the human immune system. Inside the layer of spikes, are eight pieces of RNA that contain the genetic information for making new copies of the virus. Each segment contains instructions to make one or more proteins of the virus.

    The viral capsid acts as the barrier between the world and the most important part of the virus, the nucleic acid. The viral capsid is composed of matrix protein M1 (Virus Structure, fsu.edu) that holds everything together and plays a role in virus assembly. The viral capsid is the backbone of the virus that holds everything together and has three main functions: to protect the nucleic acid from digestion by enzymes, to hold the attachment proteins needed to enter cells, and it provides special sites on the surface that allow the virus to attach to cells.

Influenza A, B, and C viruses are responsible for epidemics in humans. They are “characterized by a segmented, single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) genome” (Grossman & Porth, 2014, p. 932). The influenza A virus contains 2 subtypes: hemagglutinin

Among the 204 amino acid residues in BVR, its secondary structure contains alpha-helices, beta-sheets, and turns, as seen in Figure 2 (4). The arrangement of these helices and sheets represents that of a Rossmann Fold (5). The protein structure of a Rossmann Fold contains six parallel beta strands that are linked to two pairs of alpha helices (6). In BVR, there are ten beta-sheets, six of which lie parallel forming the Rossmann Fold, and there are seven alpha-helices which seem to be “wrapping” around the Rossmann Fold, which explains the beta-alpha-beta-alpha-beta topological order. For example, this includes the central beta-sheet and the two groups of alpha-helices.

An influenza virus possesses 8 genes, 6 derived from the triple North American swine virus lineages and 2 from the Eurasian swine virus lineage. (Cauchemez, Donnelly, & Reed, 2003) Influenza A is a part of the Orthomyxoviridae family of viruses that contains a segmented RNA genome. There are 3 influenza types A, B and C, influenza A and B being responsible for the influenza pandemics. The Influenza A subtype morphology determination is as a result of the antigenic properties of two membrane glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (HA-16 types) and neuraminidase (NA-9 types). In

The protective capsid helps the virus escape detection and destruction during the invasion of the host. When the virus reaches the target cell, biochemical reactions between the capsid and cell wall allow the virus to latch on and inject its genome into the cell’s interior. Once inside, the viral genetic material insinuates itself into the host’s DNA or RNA. In an efficient feat of natural bioengineering, the host cell’s genetic machinery now does the rest of the work for the virus. The cell, which had already been making copies of its own genome, now also replicates that of the virus. Coded within the viral material is the blueprint for making more copies of the viral genome. Further instructions command the production of capsids and directions for assembly of new viruses. After the host cell becomes engorged with viruses, it explodes, sending the new

As already mentioned, the H5.N1 is a subtype of an influenza A type. This type consists of RNA. This RNA names as HA and NA. The HA is glycoproteins found on the surface of the virus. This special protein helps the virus to bind to the host cell. While NA is glycosylated enzyme sits on the surface as well. It helps to release the virus from the host cell. In reality, the least pathogenic virus is H5.N1 or (LPAI H5N1), is commonly happening in wild birds for example, in 1983 it is reported that the virus being carried by the ring-billed gulls in Pennsylvania, ( Bird flu (H5.N1) Genetic in news-medical). The virus itself cannot be pathogenic unless some changes occur, which means new progeny. When the RNA of two viruses enters a combination process in the host cell.