Difference Between Incidental And Intentional Language Learning

Many popular theories of second language acquisition have been analyzed throughout history. The socialization of L2 learners, their present emotional state that is present at time of acquisition, as well as the comprehensible input and output with the use of scaffolding play a major role in second language acquisition. Let us also not forget the importance of written expression as well as reading comprehension with these L2 learners. Each play a role in language development. However, I believe that in acquiring a language, one must use a variety of techniques that work together to create a balance within the learning environment. Furthermore, all L2 learners learn differently and so a variety of resources will need to be used based on the ability of each student. There are many theories that have been developed by highly qualified experts in the field on linguistics. However, I will address those areas that I agree with as I present my personal theories on second language acquisition.

The area of vocabulary acquisition was not given much importance around 1950’s due to former dominating approaches which emphasized the imposrtance of grammar and phonology. Generative transformational linguistics (Chomsky, 1957) is one of the theories labelling vocabulary as secondary to the language acquisition. Somewhere around the 1970’s, teaching perspectives started to change. Instead of a teacher-oriented approach, the focus was on learners’ awareness and control of a language. Considering that pupils are becoming more active in the process of acquisition, learning strategies should be presented as tools for reaching a desired competence in a

In this paper, I will discuss definitions of literacy, review research related to the transfer of literacy skills, and suggest practical applications of research findings of ways Linguistics (L1) support literacy in L2 for individuals learning English as a Second Language (ESL). Further, I will explore instructional practices implemented as L1 is transferred to L2 knowledge-base. As learning practices for L1 and L2 are outlined, cognates of L2 will be demonstrated in this paper for further understanding. In addition, L1 proficiency learners stem from individuals’ first language also known as their “mother language.” L1 can be described in four acquisition stages from the following: (1) babbling (2) one-word (3) two-word (4) string of words

To address Luisa’s speaking in academic and social contexts, the English class must provide Luisa with consistent opportunities to hear English being spoken fluently. To promote fluent speaking in a second language, interaction is also key to learning. During the time when the ELL student is unable or limited in producing language, the instructor must create an environment where the ELL is able to build receptive language through repetition, gestures, and choral reading. One strategy to assist in developing the speaking component for Luisa is Scripting. Scripting is a strategy that prepares the ELL with sample language interactions or situational dialogues appropriate for upcoming events. These dialogues are known as scripts and they are presented and practiced with the ELL prior to the student encountering the situation in which the script will be used. The use of Scripting will complement the English class structure and the nature of the academic content as the class inherently focus on the productive and receptive language skills. As students encounter literature and poetry, the teacher can easily model fluent English during

The purpose of this observation was to observe how elementary students learn with a focus on conditional conditioning, operant conditioning, the social learning theory, as well as phonemes, morphemes, and syntax. The observation took place at Karaffa Elementary School on March 29, 2017 and March 30, 2017. There were 3 groups of students from the Psychology class going to observe 3 different classes at KES. The observation on this date was in Mrs. Donnelly’s classroom at around 1:00 pm. The subject that was chosen to be observed was a female who was in the 2nd grade. Both days of observation consisted of the same topic which was telling time. In the next paragraph, the description of the subject and the classroom will be discussed.

Over the past four years since John started school in Australia his level of English has improved a lot; especially his receptive use of the language. John is a talented language student and is achieving great results in both additional languages he is studying at the moment, English and Japanese. Due to his cultural background John does not volunteer to speak freely during class. This makes it hard for his teacher to find the degree of depth of his understanding of new concepts learned in class. However, he is a passionate language learner and his focus is to perfect his knowledge in both additional languages.

Students can learn vocabulary words indirectly when they hear and see words through conversations with other people, listening to advanced readers read aloud, and through reading extensively on their own. Teachers can promote students’ indirect learning of vocabulary by teaching them to be “word detectives” who recognize knew words and try to find their meaning. Teachers should also use complex

The Milieu teaching was developed to use different forms of incidental teaching in order for the intervention to be more naturalistic. It includes the mand-model, which is when a caretaker or teacher are requesting a response from the child. Milieu teaching is behavior based with the rewards coming from the naturalistic settings. It also includes social interactionist components with the teacher or the parent. This strategy works well because learning is occurring in a more naturalistic setting. The setting is more motivating for the child, and thus it maximizes the child’s learning opportunities. It is confirmed that parents that implement milieu strategies had a positive impact on child language (Kaiser and Roberts, 2013).

The objectives of the lessons include reinforcing learned vocabulary, in order to produce greater comprehension. Other objectives include fundamentals of writing and the way words are structured on a page, drawing simple conclusions based on the vocabulary and content, and beginning to determine the meaning of words as they are used in the content. In order for teachers to truly help students develop English language proficiency, the integration of content areas is essential (Echevarria, & Graves, 2014). The listening and thinking objectives will allow

Vocabulary instruction plays an important role in developing language with ELL students. After conducting the research project on the importance of vocabulary instruction and reading comprehension, I expect to continue supporting my students with necessary vocabulary instruction in order to grow their knowledge of language. I will continue to collaborate with our ELD teacher when selecting vocabulary as well. My future project will be focused on the best scientifically-based practices to deliver vocabulary instruction to ELL

Aline is an engaged member of the class in English lessons. In Reading and Viewing, Aline independently uses a range of strategies to make connections between texts and her own experiences. It is recommended that Aline focuses on her inferential comprehension skills such as drawing conclusions and constructing unstated main ideas to understand the purpose of a text. In Writing and Representing, Aline constructs simple Imaginative and Informative texts using language appropriate to purpose and audience. She is encouraged to proof read and expand and elaborate on her ideas to produce more detailed texts. In Speaking and Listening, Aline successfully attends to instructions, shares ideas and engages effectively in group and class discussions.

A lack of incidental learning does not only affect a person’s knowledge of vocabulary, but their knowledge of the world that surrounds them. It is already believed that hearing and Deaf individual’s organization of knowledge in the long-term memory is different (“How Deaf Children Learn”). The belief that Deaf and hearing students are the same, minus the ability to hear, is simply not true. How a Deaf person obtains, and retains information is quite different from how a hearing person approaches doing so. This, plus a lack of incidental learning can have lasting effects on how a student retrieves information from text. When reading, ideally, we will apply our own knowledge to make sense and obtain meaning from the text. This skill is called top-down

Many popular theories of second language acquisition have been analyzed throughout history. The socialization of L2 learners, their present emotional state that is present at the time of acquisition, as well as the comprehensible input and output with the use of scaffolding play a major role in second language acquisition. Kirsten Hummel states, “The one most effective way to increase L2 competence was by exposure to ‘comprehensible input’.” (Hummel, 2014, p. 73) Let us also not forget the importance of written expression as well as reading comprehension with these L2 learners. Each plays a role in language development. However, I believe that to acquire language one must use a variety of techniques that work together to create a balance within the learning environment. Furthermore, all L2 learners acquire language differently and so using a variety of resources that are based on the ability of each student is neccesary. There are many theories that have been developed by highly qualified experts in the field of linguistics. However, I will address those areas that I agree with as I present my personal theories on second language acquisition.

In response to these criticisms, Hart and Risley (1968) developed another procedure known as ‘incidental teaching’, a type of NET used to increase quantity and complexity of mands and generally to a lesser degree tacts. NET involves providing structured learning opportunities within the natural context or naturally occurring activities by

Games have a great educational value and can be used in the classroom to make learners use the language instead of just thinking about learning the correct forms. They involve students in the process of learning. Lee(1979) says that games are enjoyable and that the essence of games lies in the goal which is visible and stimulating, and that is, among other things, to improve one’s own performance. Because the activities in the class are interesting, learners look forward to their language lessons. Lee adds: “it’s hard to see any difference between ‘work’ and ‘play’ – there is a pleasant, informal, and often relaxed atmosphere, favourable to language learning… A language is learnt by using it – and this means using it in situations and communicatively” (Lee, 1979: 1). Most language games distract the learners’ attention from the study of linguistic forms. They stop thinking about the language and instead use it productively. Repetition is basic to the language learning, but not the repetition of mechanical drills, although they should not be entirely eliminated. By