Difference Raising a Son or Daughter

“involves a subject conducting a certain task, in this case recalling a series of numbers, while listening to different kinds of background music. If sound exhibits acoustical variations, or what Perham calls an "acute changing-state," performance is impaired. Steady-state sounds with little acoustical variation don't impair performance nearly as much.”(Cutler).

That gender of the child is a strong predictor of how parents behave toward their children and in the selection of the toys and clothes they give to them. Boys are allowed more

Auditory Processing Disorders, also known as Central Processing Disorders, are difficulties in the processing of auditory information in the central nervous system. The definition for an Auditory Processing Disorder is frequently changing and evolving. According to ASHA standards in 2005, a “central processing disorder refers to difficulties in the perceptual processing of auditory information in the central nervous system and the neurobiological activity that underlies the processing and gives rise to the electrophysiological auditory potentials (ASHA 2005).” Recent evidence has declared auditory processing disorders to be a legitimate clinical disorder resulting from confirmation of the link between well-defined lesions of the central nervous system and deficits on behavioral and electrophysiological central auditory measures (Musiek, F. Journal of American Academy of Audiology). An individual is likely to perform normally in tests including clicks and tones, rather than speech. There is a significant difference between the receptors for audition and speech processing. It is imperative that these disorders are diagnosed and treated early in a child’s development to eliminate developmental negative consequences.

Those who agree that gender is a social construct would also argue that gendered behaviour is not innate, and that it is learnt throughout development. Gender identity is defined as “the way in which being feminine or masculine, woman or man, becomes an internalized part of the way we think about ourselves” (Ryle, 2014). The idea of masculinity and femininity and the strong distinction between the two are taught to us throughout our lives. An individual’s earliest exposure to the concept of gender comes from parental influence. Many studies show that parents socialize their children from birth by creating distinct environments for boys and girls and treating son’s and daughter’s differently. For instance, parents are more likely to assign domestic chores such as cooking, mending clothes and doing laundry to daughters, whereas sons are more likely to be assigned maintenance chores such as mowing lawn, small household repairs and carrying out garbage (Lackey, 1989). Parents may also use more emotive language when talking to their daughter’s and might encourage certain interests such as math and science in son’s, by purchasing more math and science toys and committing to other promotive activities (Jacobs & Bleeker, 2004; Leaper, 1998; Tenenbaum &

The most important piece of evidence that shows the differences in standards between sons and daughters is that parental expectations begin to differ very early. “Parents have differential expectations of sons and daughters as early as 24 hours after birth.” (Witt, n.p.) “6-and-12-month-olds of both sexes prefer dolls to trucks, according to a host of studies. Children settle into sex-based play preferences only around age 1, which is when they grasp which sex they are, identify strongly with it, and conform

This is called gender socialization, which exaggerates sexual differences physically, experimentally, academically, and psychologically. Most parents are unaware that they play such a large role in creating a male or female child. But they are the first and one of the largest influences on their child. When parents have a female child she is viewed as sweet and gentle. The parents will even hold their daughter closer than they would a son. As they grow older boys are encouraged to explore while girls are kept closer to their parents. They are taught different approaches to many different problems in life. They may not realize it but through their interactions with their children they are encouraging their children to grow into a certain type of person based on their gender. The toys they are introduced to are even gender-based. Toys for males encourage them to develop such abilities of spatial perception, creativity, competition, aggression, and constructiveness. Toys for girls encouraged creativity, nurturance, and attractiveness. Children’s rooms and clothing are specific color: girls are pink and boys are blue. Girls often wear dresses and skirts that limit their physical activity. These types of influences at such an early age lay a foundation for the child’s personality. By the time they reach school age they already have a sense of being male or female. In school peers and teachers enforce these differences even further. (Lips, 1979,

This is due to many parents wanting their child (boy)to be sensitive and not have to fit the usual masculine roles that are prescribed at birth. Society is not as accepting of boys portraying feminine qualities, such as expressing their emotions. If a boy is seen crying or expressing any type of emotion that is not identified with masculinity, the boy will be then looked at as being a sissy, gay, or labeled in some other derogatory manner. In contrast, these parents claim that it is easier to raise a strong and confident daughter. Society is more accepting of little girls portraying masculine qualities to a certain age, however it seems to be a double edged sword for both

It is no lie when it’s said that media influences human decisions. For adults, it could be the newest fashion trends. Perhaps which restaurant has the highest rating and seems to be the most luxurious. For children, it’s the same. Nobody is spared from society and the media’s norms.

Noise is one of the most widespread causes of hearing loss, and the most likely causes of occupational illnesses in the United States (Leigh 728). Acute or prolonged exposure to high-level, impulsive noise is an ongoing problem for the military and defense forces all over the world (Sliwinska-Kowalska and Adrian Davis 274). One shot from a big caliber firearm, perceived at a close range, may permanently or temporarily damage an individual hearing in an instant. Additionally, repeated exposures to noisy machinery may, over an extensive period of time, impose serious risks to human hearing. According to the report released by National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); ten million Americans have already suffered permanent hearing damage from noise and thirty to fifty million individuals are exposed to hazardous noise levels every day (Leigh 728). Many hearing illness in the police service originate from the noise caused by gunshots. As a result of increased cased of hearing problem, mainly in the police service, many scholars have engaged in research in order to get appropriate mean to control these problem. Considering the increasing investigation from military groups for vital information on how to protect from impulse noise, it is vital to explore health effects associated with impulse noise from gunshots. This study explores the effects on hearing caused by

Some parents believe that their children should play with gender appropriate toys because if not their children would grow up

In the article “Against Headphones”, Virginia Heffernan, a writer and to critic, claims 1 in 5 children are going deaf because of the overuse of headphones. She supports her claim by first stating facts about a study about “people who habitually blast MP3 players”. Then she provides the history of headphones. Then, she talks about in the 50’s men were drowning out their families with headphones. Lastly, she states her claim and tells people too “Make it a New Year’s resolution, then, to use headphones less”. Heffernan s purpose of this article is to inform the reader of the dangers of using headphones too loudly and too long in order to get them to use them less.

R Studio was used to calculate the statistics in this experiment. We compared participant’s perception of sounds (proportion of voiced responses) with stimuli of different laterality and precursor. A voiced sound is a speech sound produced with the vibration of the vocal cords while devoiced sound is one produced with no vibration of the vocal cord. Data from 19 participants were included in the analysis. Each participant listened to 4 different types of sound: 1) Laterality of 0 (sounds presented with equal amplitude) and a precursor of 1. For example, “span” seemed to be presented to the center sounding like “s-pan.” 2) Laterality of 150 (sounds presented with opposing amplitude) and a precursor of 1. For example, “s” seemed to be presented to the right while “pan” is to the left, or vice versa. 3) Laterality of 0 (sounds presented with equal

     Femininity and masculinity are topics that have been debated over in our society extensively, through psychological research and day to day interaction with people. Children learn from their parents as well as society the concept of “feminine” and “masculine.” The majority of people tend to believe that these conceptions are biological but I believe it is more cultural. From birth, female children are shaped by society as being sweet, caring, loving, and delicate and usually associated with the color pink. While male children are shaped by being tough, aggressive, and competitive and associated with the color blue. As these children grow, the boy is given a football to play with and the girl a

Jolliffe’s first-hand account of what it is like to be autistic, allows the reader to invariably emphasise the difficulties she has with the processing of sensory-perceptual information. ‘When I was young I was thought to have a hearing problem – it was noticed that I did not always respond to people when spoken to and I had difficulty understanding what people were saying and in learning to speak’ (quoted in Jolliffe, Landsdown and Robinson, 1992: 12). Being under-responsive to sound can be evident even in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) whose hearing is normal. Similarly, Rosenhall et al. (1999, pg. 359) suggest over-sensitivity to sound, also known as hyperacusia is not rare, and specific sounds may evolve into the focus

Harvey Fletcher and Wilden Munson revealed, among other things, that the human ear is not linear, and is not capable of