Differences Of Phenotypes

developed to start working like other peoples'. The rapid birth of neurons in a young brain

In the Summer of 2015 I had the opportunity of accomplishing my own research project. With the help of my graduate student, I led us to better understand the neural pathway

of development, how we experience the world plays a role in our brain development. In recent

This paper will discuss how phenotypes are driven by DNA inheritance in offspring by the genes known as alleles. Each parent provides an allele although on allele is hidden in one parent and can be passed on to his or her offspring. The information presented in the monohybrid cross that shows where one parent has the hidden allele of a gene that carries the trait of orange eyes that disappears and reemerges later in the genetic make-up of an offspring. The inheritance in the offspring is driven by the DNA of that individuals parents and the genetic traits one is born with are decided by the dominant and recessive genes of his or her parents (www.nature.com, 2014).

The development of the cortex is a delicate balance between proliferation, differentiation and migration of neural progenitors (NPs). Throughout developmental process, various cellular mechanisms ensure that NPs are differentiating into the correct cell subtypes, migrating to their correct regions, and forming the correct cortical and sub-cortical layers. The cortex is comprised of both excitatory and inhibitory neurons, which interact within neuronal circuits to mediate cortical functions. Though both types of neurons reside in the cortex, they arise from different embryonic brain regions, and from different neural progenitors. Excitatory neurons are generated from neural progenitors residing in the ventricular zone (VZ)/subventricular

However, rats injected with scopolamine and had direct placement performed more poorly than those without scopolamine, which continues to prove scopolamine’s block in spatial learning and memory (Malin et al., 2015). Other studies also prove that indeed learning navigation tasks are impaired by cholinergic blockades (Sutherland, Whishaw, and Regher, 1982). On the other hand, rats will develop a non-mapping strategy to locate the platform, which is similar to moving the hidden platform in a water maze (Buresova, Bolhuis, and Bures,

The test subjects of this experiment are sixty male Wistar rats [1]; they are bred and will be kept under a normal light-dark cycle. They will be kept in cages that are at a constant temperature of 25 °C. Water and food will be provided to them for the length of this experiment. Before commencing the experiment, the rats are allowed a week to become accustomed to the facility. After they have become 8 weeks of age, the rats are randomly placed in two groups, one that is exposed to a 12 hour light: 12 hour dark cycle (n=30 per group) and another that is exposed to a 12 hour light:12 hour dim light cycle (n=30 per group). The rats will be examined under experimental lighting for 3 weeks. The intensity of the light will be measured using a Traceable Dual Display light meter [1].

The hippocampus is critically involved in certain kinds of memory. During memory formation, it may operate as an integrated unit, or isolated parts may be responsible for different functions. Recent evidence suggests that the hippocampus is functionally differentiated along its dorsoventral (septotemporal) axis. The cortical and subcortical connections of the dorsal and ventral hippocampus are different, with information derived from the sensory cortices entering mainly in the dorsal two-thirds or three-quarters of the dentate gyrus. Rats can acquire a spatial navigation task if small tissue blocks are spared within this region, but equally large blocks at the ventral end are not capable of supporting spatial learning. In primates, the posterior

The mice had food, and water and adequate space to move around. In order to get a baseline, all the mice were in light for 12 hours and then darkness for the other 12 all while in their room temperature cages. Although they wanted to get them acclimated longer this was not possible because the germ free zones may be compromised after 2 days. The locomotor test was a clear Plexiglas maze that the mice had 30 minutes to attempt to move through. I imagine this would be very stressful because the mice could see where they wanted to go but had issues on how to actually get there. These tests were performed early in the day when cortisol levels are low, and they drew blood after the maze test. The elevated maze test was a five-minute test with different raised levels of a maze that was not see through, and once again blood was drawn to check stress levels. One very important idea is that animals do not have cortisol as their stress hormone, they have something called corticosterone. After the trials were complete and the mice were no longer needed they were euthanized and their brains were removed to do more extensive research. The germ free mice had increased basal activity compared to the SPF mice which can be translated as

Columbia University outlined the great potential impact of neurogenesis (the formation of new neurons in the brain) on our understanding of the brain mechanisms underlying depression and its treatment. There has also been research surrounding gene therapy, along with a number of new studies related to understanding the brain and the effects of depression on the brain (Medscape, 2005).

In all organisms with neural systems, neurogenesis undoubtedly happens during the developmental stage right from conception. Although first presented in the 1960’s, the idea of “Adult Neurogenesis” - the generation of new fully functional neurons from neural stem cells in adults - didn’t really catch on till the 80’s and 90’s. This was mostly due to development of better scientific methods by which to actually prove that neurogenesis happens. But since then, it has grown into one of the biggest topics of study in Neuroscience today.

The experimental group will be exposed to cigarette smoke, equivalent to three pack of cigarettes per day. Exposing the mice to cigarette smoke is the closest action doable to be tested because the mice itself cannot smoke. To control for the cigarette smoke differences, each mice will be given random brand of cigarette. Since the average lab mice age is about two to three years, the experiment will run for two years and each mice will be monitored every day to look for any progress. To test for cataract, researchers will look at the eye of the mice to see cataract formation. To test macular degeneration, researchers will test if the mice will be able to walk straight line or not. Each mice will be provided enough food and water to stay alive as long as they

Our well-being and health is an important issue that can be affected by our genotypes. There are many disease and disorders that are affected by our genes. Our genes and DNA are often subjected to mutations. The mutation can cause misshapen or missing protein that lead to diseases such as cystic fibrosis and Tay-Sachs disease. These diseases can be hard on a person and force them to make difficult choices in their lives like how they may choose not to have children who have the potential of also gain the disease. They must choose what treatments to get if there are treatments and live with it all their lives. Choices that many do not have to take simply because their genes were successful enough to not produce a mutation. This can be stressful

The study of neuroscience increased exponentially due to increase of due to advance of advances in molecular, electrophysiology, and computational neuroscience. It has helped neuroscientist research all aspect of the brain nerve system: how it functions, malfunctions, or changes. The study of neuroscience can be done in multiple steps ranging from molecular and cellular to the system and

A newborns brain growth is rapid and their growth and development reflects their experiences and social relationships (Berger,2014). From two weeks after conception until two weeks after birth the brain grows more rapidly than any other organ in the body (Berger,2014). We will now examine what biologically takes place inside the brain of an infant to better try to understand why development at this stage is so crucial. A newborns brain has billions of neurons, that are located in the portion of the brain called the Cortex, and they regulate and control thought, feeling, and sensation (Berger, 2014). In addition, research has found that children younger than