Different Brains, Different Realities? Essay

Historically, societies have divided the sexes into male and female and assigned specific gender roles for each group to ‘perform’. Alternative sexual practices outside of the norm were considered unacceptable and abnormal. These ideologies of heteronormativity have been reinforced throughout various social institutions including media where heteronormative portrayals have been considered standards. Furthermore, as Rogers mentioned, “Commonly intertwined with such heterocentrism are values celebrating heterosexuality as normal and natural while condemning or at least rejecting lesbigay sexualities.” (Rogers 72). Heteronormativity is largely depicted in the media and reinforce dominant norms of society, which portray heterosexual romantic relationships

The gonads are the male and female reproductive organs, the testes (males) and ovaries (females). The testes and ovaries produce androgens (testosterone) and estrogens, these hormones affect aggressiveness, mood, and sexual interest and behavior. Higher levels of these hormones have been shown to promote aggressiveness in both sexes (Morris and Maisto, 2002).

Steroids work as follows. When receptor sites don’t have much testosterone, then get flooded with it, they get activated.

Testosterone in the male is produced mainly in the testes and a small amount is

(D) The structures of the steroid hormones GR, MR, AR, PR and ER are shown with numbering of the rings and the key atoms. (Taken from: 1)

"If you give a female rat a short burst of testosterone shortly after birth you end up with a female that demonstrates male behaviour. But there is a lot of argument about whether a similar thing occurs in humans."

On the off chance that society keeps on empowerring men and typify ladies, our way of life and society will fall flat. The generalizations should be separated, and people ought not be taken a gander at in light of the average standards, everybody is diverse and qualified for fairness. "Correspondence assumes an imperative part in forming our sexual orientation characters and through communications with others we can instruct ourselves on how society characterizes our parts" (Signorelli, 2000).

Hypothalamic, pituitary, and testicular tissues were collected to quantify mRNA levels using qPCR. Accordingly, KISS1, Kiss1r, and GNRH mRNA levels in the hypothalamus were significantly lower in the treatment group than in the control group (P < 0.05). Immunization with active kisspeptin DNA vaccine suppresses feedback regulation of the gonads in the hypothalamus and synthesis of GNRH in the hypothalamus. It is believed that the kisspeptin- Kiss1r system has been a significant integrator of multiple hormonal and physiological signals with GNRH neurons. Xing-fa et al. [2014] showed that the level of KISS1 mRNA and that of KISS1 receptor Kiss1r in the hypothalamus were notably reduced after immunological or surgical castration. The amount of GNRH mRNA in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus and mRNAs of genes in the sex-hormone negative-feedback loops in the hypothalamus were decreased in pregnenolone-immunized rabbits compared to controls. The actions of GNRH are mediated by kisspeptin neurons, which express steroid receptors [García-Galiano et al., 2011].

Q1. This infant exhibits a genetic defect known as 21-hydroxylase deficiency classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), which "is an inherited disorder that affects the adrenal glands" (What is 21-hydroxylase deficiency, 2010, NIH). The female infant in this case study exhibits the 'classic' form of the condition, resulting in ambiguous genitalia. "The adrenal glands are located on top of the kidneys and produce a variety of hormones that regulate many essential functions in the body. In people with 21-hydroxylase deficiency, the adrenal glands produce excess androgens, which are male sex hormones" (What is 21-hydroxylase deficiency, 2010, NIH). Females with the condition may exhibit male sex traits such hirsutism and pattern baldness as well as irregular menstruation and impaired fertility.

from these answers are simply that we all have preconceptions of men and women ,environments

(Not sure how to set this up – as below or with the credit to Doidge given by the title of the book and his name being the heading of the box? and sub-heading?

Bos, Peter A., Panksepp, Jaak, Bluthé, Rose-Marie, & van Honk, Jack (2011). Acute effects of steroid hormones and neuropeptides on human social–emotional behavior: A review of single administration studies. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 33 (2012) 17-35.

7. Schöni-Affolter, Franziska, Dr., Christine Dubuis-Grieder, Dr., and Erik Strauch, Dr. "21.1 Genetic Factors and Hormones That Determine Gender." Sertoli's Supporting Cells: Function, Mode of Operation and Hormonal Secretion. Swiss Virtual Campus, 21 Nov. 2005. Web. 16 Feb.

     “Anabolic Steroids” is the familiar name for synthetic substances related to the male sex hormones (androgens). They promote the growth of skeletal muscle (anabolic effects) and the development of male sexual characteristics (androgenic effects), and also have some other effects. The term “anabolic steroids” will be used throughout this report because of its familiarity, although the proper term for these compounds is “anabolic-androgenic” steroids (Gallaway, 1997, p. 6).

Our brains weigh about three pounds and are divided into two similar looking but functionally different hemisphere, the right hemisphere and the left hemisphere. Both of which are connected by a large bundle of nerves called the corpus collosum. In some people with severe seizure disorders such as epilepsy, it was found that if this bundle of nerves was severed their seizure would either cease or a the very least be better controlled. From this surgical procedure it was discovered that the two hemispheres had different methods of processing information, as well as controlling parts of the body. The left hemisphere controls the right have of the body and the right hemisphere controls the left side.